Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Resourcing Talent

Resourcing Talent Report Adrienne Westerdale Attracting and retaining a diverse workforce is very important; there are many organisational benefits for doing so. People of different ages, genders and cultures will bring new skills and ideas to the organisation. A diverse workforce can help to inform companies of new or enhanced products and services as well as open up new market opportunities. It can improve market share and broaden an organisations customer base. CIPD defines managing diversity as â€Å"valuing everyone as an individual- valuing people as employees, customers and clients†.Location is a factor that can affect an organisations approach to attracting talent; there are lots of people that will look for work close to their homes to avoid commuting or even relocating. This could become a problem for organisations especially if recruiting for a specialised position such as engineers; it could be that they have advertised the vacancy locally and haven’t had a suitable applicant so will need to look further afield. It may take a little longer to fill the position which could increase the work load for other employees.Again this would have an effect on the organisation as it could lead to employees taking time off due to stress. Salaries would be another factor that can affect the approach to attracting talent. By offering a high salary you are more likely to receive more applicants for the position, however, the company can only offer a specific salary for a specific role. The organisations reputation has a massive affect, maintaining good relationships with employees will help create a good reputation. Offering your staff good benefits and salaries as well as treating them fairly with respect will encourage them to speak highly of the company.Good news travels fast which will attract potential employees to the organisation, however, if you don’t look after your employees you will find it hard to gain their respect which could resu lt in loosing staff. The recruitment methods a company use can determine who they attract when recruiting. There are many things to consider when deciding which methods to use; we must look at the costs of different methods. Advertising can be very expensive, magazines especially. For a black and white quarter page advert a company can look to pay as much as ? ,100 and up to ? 7,650 for half a page. This can also affect an organisations approach to recruitment and selection; as advertising is very costly most companies will be limited to where they can advertise a vacancy which may not attract the appropriate candidate. Recruitment Methods Email: Recruiting through email can be an effective way to recruit internally as everyone within the organisation has access to it; however, there are chances that some employees may not pick their emails up in time to apply for the position.It could also cause conflict if only certain people are sent the email encouraging them to apply for the va cancy and others within the company aren’t. Notice boards are also used to advertise vacancies internally; there are advantages to these as everyone can see them. Most people will take a look if something new is put up; the advert will have to be bright and bold to attract attention. Notice boards don’t always attract the appropriate candidate and employers can find that most of their applicants are unsuitable for the position.A successful way of recruiting internally would be through talent planning/management; this way the employee has the chance to learn all aspects of the business at different levels while progressing. Methods of external recruitment can be through recruitment agencies; a variety of different external agencies can be employed to undertake some part of the recruitment process on behalf of employers. The good thing about using agencies is that they do all the work for you.They will advertise the vacancy as well carry out a short interview with any ca ndidates to identify if they are suitable to apply. The only downside to using this method is the cost; some private agencies will charge a fee. Some companies may also use the job centre as a method of recruitment; however, some employers are reluctant to use them despite the fact that unlike recruitment agencies they offer free advertising. This is partly because the clientele is mainly comprised of unemployed people, who are perceived to be unskilled or low skilled and therefore inappropriate for many jobs.The recruitment function of an organisation is affected and governed by a mix of various internal and external forces. The internal are the factors that can be controlled by the organisation, whereas the external factors cannot. Examples of internal factors would be: * Recruitment policy * Size of the firm * Cost of recruitment * Growth and expansion Examples of external would be: * Supply and demand * Labour market * Unemployment rate * CompetitorsOther factors that will affec t an organisations approach to recruitment and selection can be the effectiveness of the interview; most interviews will be made up of a panel of interviewers from specific departments of the organisation, it is important to ensure that all panel members are trained in interview techniques. You should make sure you carry out thorough preparation and know the candidate’s background while asking competency based questions linked to the person specification. Allowing sufficient time for the interview is very important and always gives the candidate chance to ask any questions.References can affect the approach to recruitment and selection; Stephen Taylor says â€Å"Like interviews and application forms, it is very widely used but has been found to be of limited value by researchers. As a predictor of job performance it has low validity and has often been found to contain more information about its author than about its subject† (Resourcing and Talent Management, Stephen T aylor. P242) a great deal of time and effort is put in by some employers to chase up references to find that they have little practical value.It is very rare that negative or semi-negative references are made; however, most employers now have a policy of only providing factual information and make no comment about an individual’s suitability at all. The law have made it difficult for employers writing references to know for certain that what they will write will be confidential as unsuccessful candidates now have the right to ask for a copy of their references. Inductions The purpose of an induction is to ensure the effective integration of a new employee into the work place.As well as the usual orientation, a new starter needs to understand the business, where their role sits within the set up and what’s expected of them, as well as being quite clear regarding their terms and conditions of employment. A good induction programme should leave no room for confusion or la ck of understanding and should, therefore, induce a feeling of â€Å"belonging†. The employee should then integrate well into the team, have high morale, achieve optimum productivity and therefore be able to work to full potential. In other words- job satisfaction.For the employee it means that all bases are covered and their trained and introduced properly. It also means that all employees receive the same, consistent experience when joining. It ensures that they aware of the company policies and procedures as well as the company ways of working and vision. â€Å"The main reason is that new employees who have undergone an effective induction programme are likely to be competent performers at their jobs more quickly than those whose induction was scanty or non- existent. † (Malcolm Martin and Patricia Jackson, 4th Edition.P110) â€Å"Also, the former group are less likely to leave the organisation at an early stage than the latter group (this phenomenon is commonly kn own as the ‘induction crisis’ and signifies a dissatisfaction with the job or the organisation or both). (Malcolm Martin and Patricia Jackson, 4th Edition. P110) There are certain subjects that should be covered during the induction; employees need to be informed of the organisations products, services, markets and values, terms and conditions of employment for example; pay, hours of work, holidays and sick pay and pension schemes.During the induction employees will be made aware of the physical layout of the organisation along with their rules and procedures, they will also be told of the background and structure. These subjects will put across using different training methods. On the job training will include: * Demonstration/ Instruction- This is showing the trainee how to do the job. * Coaching- This is a more intense method of training that involves a close working relationship between an experienced employee and trainee. Job rotations- This is where the trainee is given several jobs in succession, to gain experience of a wide range of activities (eg. A graduate management trainee might spend periods in several different departments). * Projects- Employees join a project team- This gives them exposure to other parts of the business and allows them to take part in new activities. Advantages of on the job training are that it’s most cost effective as there are no external training courses to pay for and employees don’t need to be given a day release to attend them.It also means new employees are training alongside real colleagues so get an actual feel for how their working day will run. There are disadvantages however to on the job training; employees may pick up bad habits from those who have been with the company for a long time there is also the potential for disruption to production. The learning environment might not be conductive when carrying out on the job training. Off the job training will include: * Distant learning * D ay release * Self-study * Block release course- This may involve several weeks at college.Advantages of off the job training are that a wider range of skills and qualifications can be obtained, employees can learn from outside specialists and experts. It could also mean that employees can be more confident when starting the job. Disadvantages are that it is more experience; companies may need to pay for not only the training course but also for transport and accommodation depending on the location. It could mean lost working time and potential output; once they start the job they may need some further induction training. A big disadvantage to external training courses is the timescales in which they are done.You may book an employee onto a course but will have to wait a couple of weeks for them to attend; this will prevent them from their starting their role. People who will take part in an induction would usually be managers, HR professionals and any trainers depending on the posit ion. Inductions don’t need to be a very formal process but it needs to be properly managed. ACAS run practical training courses to equip managers and HR professionals with the necessary skills to deal with employment relation issues and to create a more productive work place environments.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Reflection on the book “Night” by Ellie Wiesel Essay

â€Å"I know it’s terrible, trying to have any faith†¦ when people are doing such horrible things. But you know what I sometimes think? I think the world may be going through a phase†¦ it’ll all pass, maybe not for hundreds of years but someday. I still believe in spite of everything that people are really good at heart.†(Diary of Anne Frank) While reading the book â€Å"night†, my view was that people had the right to lose faith after everything they had to go through. However, when I finished the book, I gave it a deep thought and realized that people are good at heart. Maybe it doesn’t take only one lifetime for them to realize what it means to be good and make good actions, but what is important is that maybe one day they will do realize it. It’s hard to accept that a person who was able to sleep after killing thousands of people, can change some day, but who knows? Life changes people and especially after such horrible scenes I think humans won’t let anything like this to happen again. In my opinion, the impact of the Holocaust is huge and people have learned their lesson. Killing and watching people of all ages suffer in such terrible ways didn’t do any good and it won’t do in the future. In times such as these, it’s hard to keep any faith. The only thing in your mind, other than how to survive, is to question life, or God, or even yourself â€Å"Why is this happening to me? What have I done wrong that I have to be punished for? Isn’t there a God?†. How can you explain to someone who has survived a concentration camp, that the one who had killed his/her family and friends, can change, can be good? Few are those who can understand the injustice of life, and moreover, can understand and believe that humans are not all that cruel. I truly believe that the phase when people were able to do anything without a blink of an eye has passed with the Holocaust. Also, I think that there are many people who pray for forgiveness for those who torture and murder, because â€Å"what goes around comes around†. Even if people don’t get killed themselves, life simply always gives it back to them, because the world has  to be in balance – one can’t kill, and have free soul at the same time.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Research Prospectu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Prospectu - Essay Example According to a report by consumer analysts Nielsen, 47% of the world’s social networking is being done through the mobile phones (State of the Media, 2). The recent report on facebook use indicated that 250 million of facebook users are accessing the social network site through mobile phones, and they were found to be more active than the non-mobile users. The social networking trend has increased especially in the last 5 years; with every 4 out of 5 active internet users visiting social network sites (State of the Media, 3).The social networking applications were found to be the third most used applications among the USA smart phone users. This transition of the mobile phone usage from the initial communication to the Mobile social networking trend has elicited a lot of interest, especially regarding the relationship between the social media and mobile phones that has seen this exponential growth in Mobile social networking. The purpose of this study is to investigate the neg ative implications of the growth of mobile phone use for social networking. Literature review Mobile phones and the social media have changed communication in the world. ... Statistics further indicate that 47% of the web browsers visit the social networking sites, and 62% of all users with social network accounts are involved in instant messaging and chatting with their friends, relations and even strangers they meet on the social networks (Killackey, Anda, Gibbs, Alvarez-Jimenez, Thompson, Sun, & Baksheev, 2011). The implication of these statistics is to send a message to the society that; should the internet or the social media platforms collapse one day, then, the world would have more distressed people, than would be caused by any other tragedy. The change in the social media trend can be accounted for by the development of the mobile technology, with the focus of the mobile developers and other operating system software manufactures focusing on the production of mobile devices and software that are compatible with the social networking features (Tsai, Han, Xu & Chua, 2009). Social media marketing is yet another concept that has arisen, considering that it is now possible for different people to access the social networks from anywhere and anytime, as opposed to when individuals were limited to accessing social networks through the computers (Mills, Egglestone, Rashid, & Vaataja, 2012). A study published regarding the analysis of application features usage for the smart phone indicated that 43% of the owners of the smart phones have engaged in games applications usage, while 26% of the owners are using the social networking applications (Pachler, Ranieri, Manca & Cook, 2012). This simply indicates that the growth of mobile social networking is high, compared to any other mobile application, since the games applications

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Corporate Social Responsibility Reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate Social Responsibility Reports - Essay Example The essay "Corporate Social Responsibility Reports" discusses the relationship the corporate social responsibility report has with all its stakeholders like employees, communities, customers, suppliers, governments, and environment and whether it provides the shareholders and all the stakeholders with useful information. The readers of a CSR report expect that the company should go beyond simple community affairs in their report. Companies which are new to this CSR reporting may confine the CSR reports to reporting only the charitable giving and the volunteer programs. Corporations are now increasingly expected to issue the CSR report to their stakeholders. A CSR report which focuses only on the community is too narrow to be considered as a comprehensive reporting on their commitments to the community through the CSR report. Such Community affairs reports may be useful for the local communities which want to understand how the firms support their causes. But they fail to provide the others with substantive information which is necessary to assess the strengths and the weakness of a corporation to all its stakeholders. There are many accounting theories in this respect. The Stakeholder theory implies that a business has to interact with a number of parties in the environment. These groups or actors are known as the stakeholders. They can be investors, customers, political groups, employees, communities, trade associations, governments, suppliers etc. The communication between them is bidirectional in nature. (Deegan and Rankin, 1996, pp. 50-69). It means that the business influences the stakeholders while the stakeholders also influence the business at the same time. Figure 1: Directions of influence between the business and the stakeholders Stake in a business is defined as the potential benefit which a company provides to the stakeholders. Business has to consider many people, groups or anyone who have interest in the business. This theory can be viewed as ins trumental, descriptive or normative. Presence of any relationship between the stakeholders and the profitability denotes the instrumental nature of the theory (Hooghiemstra, 2000, pp. 55-68). Explanation of the past, present and future of the business and the stakeholders denotes the descriptive nature of the theory. Presenting the function of the business through codes of conduct denotes the normative perspective. According to several studies, it is unethical to focus only on the intent of the shareowners and not on the interest of the customers and employers. The central idea of this theory is that it is not only the shareowners but also the interest of cast set of stakeholders which needs to be satisfied by the managers. According to this theory, there is more than just profit maximizing ability of the firm (Mahoney, Thorne, Cecil and LaGore, 2013, pp. 350-359). The firm needs

Patient Diagnosed with Hyponatremia, UTI, Confusion and Alzheimer Essay

Patient Diagnosed with Hyponatremia, UTI, Confusion and Alzheimer - Essay Example Therefore, I will give a thorough analysis of Mrs. M’s condition as I plan the bathing activity and its application. My roles in caring for Mrs. M include ensuring that her dignity and privacy are upheld. More importantly, a patient centered care approach is applied. The care will focus on making the patient safe because of the risks associated with her condition. I am obliged to adhere to the legal and ethical code of conduct while caring for my patient and this includes ensuring confidentiality and respecting her. I will also play the role of ensuring that the care of the patient is documented. Cooney, A, et al. (2000) explain that the Roper -Logan-Tierney model of nursing provides that nurses must document the care that is provided to elderly patients with mental illness. This is important because it provides a point of reference that is important for the management of the patient’s condition. Furthermore, I will be responsible of reporting signs of possible deterior ation of the patient’s condition. The love and belonging needs as stipulated by Maslow’s hierarchy of needs are important to the patient especially due to the fact that she lives alone. During the treatment, I will play the role of ensuring that the patient feels loved and cared for so that her social needs are achieved or met. Moreover, Maslow’s theory which describes safety needs can be used to evaluate Mrs. M. The patient has a risk of falling due to the confusion and hyponatremia that she has. As a result, it becomes necessary for me to put the safety of the patient as a one of the top priorities during the nursing care. Mrs. M has a son and a daughter. The assistance that the patient’s daughter gives her illustrates that she has emotional support and love from her family. Sutcliffe (2011) explains that the role of family members in taking care of elderly patients is very important because their social well being is determined by the love and support they get from those who are close to them. Mrs. M lives in Glasgow which is a nice neighborhood with favorable cultural and social factors. This contributes significantly to her psychological and social well being. It is therefore my role to take advantage of the social benefits that the patient has to enhance her wellness and health. I will play this role by encouraging the patient’s daughter to spend more time with her and talk about good moments. This would cause her to be more relaxed and less confused and thus help her to be free from the risks which are associated with her condition. The fact that Mrs. M does not smoke illustrates that her health behavior reduces the risks of quick deterioration of her health. According to Murphy, Gretebeck and Alexander (2007), patient centered care of elderly patients should involve plenty of communication between the care provider and the patient. The role of communication in the care of my patient is very significant due to the conf usion that she often experiences. Through effective communication, I would be able to explain things that are confusing to the patient and therefore enable her to understand her surrounding well. This will help to reduce the risk of falling especially during the bath. Moreover, it is through good communication with my patient that I will be able to determine her health condition, needs, feelings and desires. I will be able to attain the trust of the patient if

Saturday, July 27, 2019

QUESTION TWO,(it is under assignment criteria) Essay

QUESTION TWO,(it is under assignment criteria) - Essay Example n sources of community law are: treaties establishing the communities in EU, general principles of administrative law, international agreements of the European Commission, directives, and conventions between the Member States. This paper briefly addresses the judicial review of community acts along with the relevant aspects with regard to the applicability of articles 230 EC, 232 EC and 234 EC. The judicial review of community acts involves susceptibility of the law, which can be challenged either directly through an action for annulment, or indirectly through the plea of illegality or a preliminary ruling on the validity of the act. In case of article 234 EC, it has been challenged through the preliminary ruling procedure whereas article 230 EC has been challenged through the action for annulment. â€Å"Article 234 allows the Court to decide on the validity of any ‘acts of the Institutions of the Community and of the European Central Bank’, while EC Article 230 contains some restrictions, e.g., as to the binding character of the act, or so to the authors of the act.† (Schermers and Waelbroeck, 2001, p. 314) In case of a failure to act, article 232 EC entitles individuals to challenge the failure to adopt a binding act. Under article 230 EC, Member States and Institutions can challenge all acts of the Institutions including directives. But individuals can only attack the decisions, there is no mention in the act about the possibility of private parties to challenge provisions of a directive. It is notable in this context that the Court of Justice is the only judge of the validity of community law. National courts are not entitled to invalidate any community act. In the interest of legal certainty, it would be preferable if private parties given time limit (two months) to challenge the provision of a directive for effective consequences. With regard to the applicability of article 230 EC, the purpose of actions for its annulment is to invalidate the binding

Friday, July 26, 2019

Retail Business and Consumer Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Retail Business and Consumer Environment - Essay Example Success in retailing is the result of sensitive perceptive decisions that require imaginative and innovative techniques. For example, as the American economy continued in its slow down a few years ago, many retailers were afraid to embrace new ideas. Instead of using their creative power to increase their competitive advantage, these retailers either just continued doing things as they always had done them, cut costs without thinking about the impact on customer satisfaction or copied what their competitors were doing† (Dunne 2008). These decisions are complicated by business environment because of low margins, high capital requirements, often or cyclical consumer demands. In recent years, retailers have turned to new information technologies to fight with these challenges. Indeed, the latest generation of a retail application has become and continues to be, a game changer in this industry. Studies show that those retailers deploying advanced technology solutions realize signif icant shareholder returns on average, with the help of technology-driven improvements like enhanced customer loyalty, efficient sales channels, advanced supply chain operations, and agiler merchandising. â€Å"Three fundamental and interrelated changes have occurred in European retail environment: first, the balance of power has shifted along the distribution channels from the manufactures to the retailers, secondly, traditional independent retailers and cooperatives have lost market share to multiple chain organizations, thirdly, markets have become increasingly consolidated and concentrated† (Gilbert 2003). Long-term business success is becoming more complex, for example, new technologies make it possible for companies to compete for customers in multiple sales channels and venues, including those on the phone, and on the web, allowing retailers to gain market share. The retails need the capacity to serve customers anytime and anywhere. Here is the relevance of the study of retail business and the consumer environment. Starting with a brief description of the retail business, going through the political, socio, economic, cultural factors affecting consumption patterns by applying appropriate theories of retail development in needed portions, it further explains the implication of retailing in urban development, and how advanced technologies can help retail industry to gain market share. When one observes the international retail market, for example, in the United States, the retail industry originated from a community shop where people would shop for necessity items. Single general stores were common because of limited population, and the disconnectivity of the people within the city. Later societies advanced with population increase went to big cities, and new technologies enabled to enhance interconnectivity among people, and easy communication between distanced cities gave further opportunities for the formation of specialty stores. In the current scenario, the US retail industry is booming. With this exponential growth of retail business across the nation can in the very near future come into the category of infrastructure industry. Adaptation is an important fact in the retail industry as trends in society, a taste of various products and people’s demand are more. In business to business market, managing customer relations and fulfilling their need is a vital factor. A customer is the main focus.

Thursday, July 25, 2019

What are the causes of organisational change and is organisational Essay

What are the causes of organisational change and is organisational change necessarily good - Essay Example In addition, organization has to make adjustments because of changes that are happening. It is pointed out above that technological change has prompted individuals, firms and other users to adapt it. Discussion in the next paragraphs relates to causes of organizational changes and causes of success and failure of organizational change. Thereafter, the significant of organizational changes is also reviewed. Halkos and Bousinakis (2012) acknowledge that the change of organization is necessary for them to move closer to larger markets. Change is also important for organization to meet the demands of internal and external business surroundings. Effective change can make a company more competitive and expand its market share. According to the authors, organisational change is necessity brought forward by management so as to attain the requirements of a larger social-economic environment, with the use of organizational structures, behaviours and process targeting growth and advancement of the company. Modern organization have to embrace changes as pointed earlier above, technology has prompted many organisations to change. Adaptation and employment of new technologies is significant for any organisation that has to apply new materials, products, methods and processes. Additionally, the workers of the firm have to adapt to changes and update their skills every day. Furthermore, mergers, acquisition, globalization can make the organization to change. There are other factors such as social and political factors; these factors can make organisation change its processes. Some people have doubts regarding organisational change, however, Burnes and Jackson (2011) point out that the change is important in the current world. Adaptation to changes according to the authors makes an organisation survive for a longer time. Organisational change is vital it is quite difficult to achieve. This is because some

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Utilizing Work Performance Habits Effectively Essay

Utilizing Work Performance Habits Effectively - Essay Example The concept of organizational behavior refers to the study of how individuals within a business environment interact with both the business and its policies as well as other members of the professional staff. The characteristics of group behavior are somewhat complex with the idea that behavior deals with psychological issues as well as maintaining a professional decorum by those who represent a company. During the course of group affiliation, there will inevitably be conflict as different individuals perceive relationships and organizational policies on a different level. The key attributes of those employees who can effectively manage and thrive within group dynamics are the ability to negotiate a conflict resolution and establish effective methods of communication. This author will describe three specific tools for professional success in detail. Â  Leadership within a business does not necessarily reflect only the most senior-level administration. In terms of setting the pace of proper organizational behaviors, even the non-managerial staff can create a positive environment for co-workers. With this authors goal of sustaining a managerial role, I can effectively offer methods to enhance my performance at work by setting the example of professionalism. First, once the strategic direction for the workplace has been established, it is the role of leadership to ensure that the entire staff is unified and maintains a sense of direction. Executing goals is nothing but aligning people, motivating them, and creating a culture of leadership (Padgaonkar, 2006).

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Homework for Marshall Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homework for Marshall - Coursework Example The Marshall plan was aimed at appealing to America to generously lend a hand to Europe after the war (Marshall par. 7). The plan aimed at helping all humanity and not just a few as before, as Marshall would put it, the American policy was not against any nation or creed but against hunger, poverty, and chaos. The plan was meant to promote security to all humanity and not just what interested America. It was to see that Europe was rebuilt and the hate and resentment that came up during world war was not revived. The plan also showed what values the Americans had. As opposed to fear and anger that could have risen after the war, the people choose to be generous. The plan exhibited flexibility as it was not aimed towards a particular race, but to all mankind affected by the war (Marshall par. 9). Before the war, American policy was selective in that whatever happened to other countries was their own business. As long as there was no direct threat to America, there would be no involvement. After the war, America realized that lack of peace elsewhere would at one time reach within its territory.This plan helped America realize that there was need to use power and prestige to protect and help its friends at time of need. This plan helped America transform from individualists to

Computer Software and Information System Computer Software Essay Example for Free

Computer Software and Information System Computer Software Essay Computer software and information system computer software is no longer a major barrier to wide use of wireless information systems [writers name] [institutes name] computer software is no longer a major barrier to wide use of wireless information systems introduction to know about the connection of these topics it is must to know about the link between these phrases as well as the basic concept of these two. firstly to know what is computer software and wireless information systems and then secondly to discuss about their affects upon each other. computer software is basically some programs or events that are written just to achieve certain functions by the software engineers. events are the set of steps that is written and combined to make a program. Now there arises a question that what is a program then the answer of this question is that: programs are basically a set of rules and instructions on the basis of which a computer act to achieve certain functions. to perform specific set of actions on computers intelligently or normally is the basic need to write a program. wireless information systems are basically the systems that used wireless. what is wireless and why and how question arises then wireless as its name shows that it means some sort of transport of data and information among wireless devices without using wires. it can be used in form of mobiles pdas and on large scale radio is the example of it. Wireless information systems can be range on mobiles wireless devices and networks. the device used for it is basically a device that is installed first and then it can be used. wireless network and information processing system 2008 certain dependencies in case of wireless information systems there are certain dependencies. among those dependencies some of them are very basic and are: mobility of the user mobility of the resource explanation these dependencies can be differentiated in a way that in case of user mobility it can be in the form of travelling user whereas the case with the second dependency is that a network if created among multiple pdas and now in this case if the pdas are moving. Along with this dependency there is certain other as well. just to be focus on the actual behavior of the wireless and then wireless information systems only two are mentioned here to emphasize the main and important factors affecting the wireless in general. important features to consider about there are certain tendencies that are important to know about these systems. according to these information systems have to develop first. while developing these systems a software engineer needs to know the protocols specific rules of dealing on networks and standard to follow upon them and then to develop finally feldman 2007 there are certain standards that need to follow while considering wireless. In this way there appears a need to select a standard according to the type of wireless information system. those standards are as follows: iee802.11 iee802.11a iee802.11b iee802.11g iee802.16 iee802.16a open air home based blue tooth based discussion after implementation of these steps architecture to develop a software program is required. when these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. if an architecture of software program is designed in such a way that it is safe for security flexibility and other issues as well. if technology is implemented selected in an improved way then an information system can work well. if there are leaks in the design and programming tactics and technology implementation then there would be a lot of leak in the system as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. in this way it can be say that software programs that developed to resolve a problem needs attention in all these metrics to work up on and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is reliable and portable efficient and of strong functionality then fulfill the better requirement in this case. whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better results. the use of wireless information systems is beneficial for the companies and organization in various ways first of all it is accessible in minimum resources. it reduces the time and mobility issues problem and enhances the productivity of the organization in this regard. wireless networking in the developing world session 2007 the use of wireless management systems can improve the effectiveness of applying multiple procedures. output of these procedures when resulted in a good form then increased or enhanced the productivity of the organizat ion in a fast manner. Well reputed industries companies and organizations are referring towards these wireless information systems that is very fast growing. along with all this there are still new advancements are just coming on the way to increase the quality of the projects or to attain the benefits of the technologies as much as it can be. references phillip m. feldman 2007 emerging commercial mobile wireless technology and standards suitable for the army: http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/mr960/index.htmlwireless network and information processing system 2008 wireless network and information processing system 2008: http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7433699.htmlwireless networking in the developing world session 2007 wireless networking in the developing world session wireless network: http://wirelesssummit.org/content/cwns-and-developing-world

Monday, July 22, 2019

Psychology in a Prayer for Owen Meany Essay Example for Free

Psychology in a Prayer for Owen Meany Essay Thoroughly leading up until the climactic ending in A Prayer For Owen Meany, John Irving explains to his readers just how important it is to Owen Meany to fulfill his duties and obligations to God. Like a hobbit traveling to Mt. Doom in Mordor, he is determined and dedicated more than anyone in the novel to achieve his goals, despite his responsibilities and, what should be, his major concerns in his life. Owen completely envelopes himself in the fact that he is an instrument used by God, and doesn’t even stop to think to realize and remember his loved ones, whom are Hester, his love struck girlfriend, and John, his best friend who has been with him through thick and thin ever since they were children. It is bittersweet, I suppose, about the choices he ultimately ends up making until the end. On one hand he will miss out on the opportunities he can easily obtain through attending Harvard and making a life for himself with his most important people by his side (Hester and John); on the other hand, however, by choosing to follow God’s calling for his life, he will conclusively act upon the happening that impacts the ending of the novel altogether. Owen, as one finds out throughout the novel, is excessively brilliant, surpassing the intelligence of other people his age by far. Tabitha Wheelwright acknowledges this special gift in Owen insisting that he attend Gravesend Academy, where his brilliance be put to good use. It turns out that it was, for Owen ends up being the best student at the Academy, which almost guarantees him the ability to attend Harvard to now receive the best college education possible, but certain setbacks keep him from doing so. His careless mistake of getting caught making fake IDs for other students opens the door for the principle to seize at the opportunity to expel Owen, which severely hurts his chances to get into any worthwhile colleges. But with this, Owen understands that his purpose must lie elsewhere, because nothing happens for no reason. Even before this incident occurs, he knows his death will be undeniable for it is a part of God’s plan for him, and that â€Å"the shot† is involved in this future incident. Owen’s responsibilities to his education is nothing, however, compared to the conflicting feelings Hester and John feel about Owen’s prophecies and predictions about his death. â€Å"Owen knows that he must sacrifice his life to save others, both physically and spiritually (Rosefeldt, 1). Following this, he joins the army to go to Vietnam in an attempt to seal his fate as he believes God wants him to do. Hester practically resents Owen for his stubbornness in doing this, placing that as more important, his passion, in front of her, his implied â€Å"responsibility. † After his death, Hester becomes a hard rock sex icon in the music world in a ways to cope, and John completely unaware how he will now live his life, for Owen was always such a compass in his life, that he feels helpless without him. Owen’s obsession with his passion has completely blinded him to the fact that his responsibilities, the ones that care about him the most, need him the most, but even with them he puts his God given goals first, as always. Lastly, toward the end of the novel, Owen’s only, and I mean that literally, thing on his mind, is fulfilling his purpose, which he ends up doing in the chapter â€Å"the shot† where he sacrifices himself, as Jesus Christ did for the world, for the sake of the Vietnamese orphan children. â€Å"When Owen Meany said ‘READY? ’ I figured we had about two seconds left to live. But he soared far above my arms-when I lifted him, he soared even higher than usual; he wasnt taking any chances. He went straight up, never turning to face me, and instead of merely dropping the grenade and leaving it on the window ledge, he caught hold of the ledge with both hands, pinning the grenade against the ledge and trapping it there safely with his hands and forearms. He wanted to be sure that the grenade couldnt roll off the ledge and fall back in the room (Irving, 623-624). † Here Owen proves the symbolism for the concept of sacrifice, and just how much of a Christ-like figure he is, practically mirroring Christ’s life. From the mysterious secret revealed that Owen is actually from a virgin birth, to the sacrifice he makes for the sake of others, this mirror image is quite apparent. From the start Owen knew he would become a hero for those in need of one, and his lifelong passion for it is finally is proved to be worthwhile in the final chapter. Owen Meany has to be one of the most admirable characters in any novel ever written by the fact that once he sets his mind to something, there is absolutely no changing it by any means. Regardless of his loved ones, he new this is what he had to do, and did not want to disrupt God’s plans that He had for him. He knew being a sacrifice as well as a hero to others was his fate, and he learned long ago fate is not something to be messed with. This also reveals just how similar God and Owen are to each other, and how each other’s lives are identical in almost all means- they are selfless, and just want to prove to others, as well as themselves, tha t their purpose on this earth is put too tremendous use, despite the clashes with the outcome of their responsibilities.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

How Has Climate Change Effected Cambodia Environmental Sciences Essay

How Has Climate Change Effected Cambodia Environmental Sciences Essay Nowadays the world has encountered abundance of challenges such as terrorism, transnational crimes, environment issues and weapon mass destruction (WMD) proliferation. As a matter of fact, these issues cannot be solved by one state; in order to overcome these problems, international cooperation and increasing non-state capability are required. For me, the most anxiety and interesting challenge is environment issue especially climate change and global warming due to two main reasons. First, this issue is a contemporary issue that has affected the world especially agriculture based countries. As we know, about 80 percents of Cambodia population are farmers, and most of them still practice old traditional farming rather than using new technology to assist them. Furthermore, farmers usually rely on water during rainy season to provide water to their fields and harvest on dry season; however, because of climate change and global warming the issue occur when there is not enough water in rainy season plus the irrigation system in Cambodia does not adequate to provide water to everywhere in the country as well, so some farmers cannot plant anything and end up with debt. Thus, this research can show the effects on Cambodia as the agriculture based country. Second, I want to do a research plan on this issue in order to apply for scholarship to study abroad when I graduate. By doing the research on this topic, I can know more about the grass root causes-effects, current solutions and obstacles of these issues. In conclusion, since this issue is beyond my understanding in some aspect, I will use this opportunity when I study the global governance course to analyze this topic, and I hope this individual reflection paper can share knowledge to other students as well. IRP outline: MC#1: Introduction MC#2: The causes of climate change and global warming MC#3: The effects of climate change and global warming MC#4: Responses and challenges MC#5: Conclusion (Note: this outline might be altered according to the research) Topic: Climate change, global warming and its effect on Cambodia as a nation Mini Composition #1: Introduction Global warming and Climate change have been the environmental issues facing humankind for such a long times, and these issues has attracted the international attention during the 1970s. Because these issues are quite a complex subject, cooperation between states and increasing capability of the relevant non-state actors (NSAs) are solutions to deal with these issue. Over the past decades, leaders from states have negotiated to seek a comparative solution for all parties; the institutional framework provided by the UNFCC, the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change, in 1992 and plus the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, yet these fragile frameworks do not contribute much to alleviate the problems due to realism ideas, lacking in private morality and uncertainty of states. Furthermore, its impacts are far beyond human ability to control and monitor. we shall discuss in detail about the responses in Chapter4 Global warming is a term used to describe a persistent increase in the earths mean surface temperature relative to long-term average conditions (those that prevail over centuries). In fact, the world climate changes over period; however, in the late 19th century, the climate has changed considerably. Furthermore, it is difficult to distinguish the global warming and climate change since global warming results in climate change and the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, though climate change has a broader meaning and refers to changes in average climatic conditions (temperature, wind, rainfall, and other climatic variables) relative to their long-term average. Both natural and anthropogenic (human-caused) factors can causes global warming, but the overwhelming scientific consensus is that the increase in global temperatures over the past century is primarily due to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In conclusion, the global warming and climate change is a wide range of issues that need efforts from each actor in international relation. In the next chapter, we will take a deep look to the causes of global warming and climate change. Mini Composition #2: What are the causes of global warming and climate change? Many scientists endeavor to determine preciously what key factors are behind the global warming and climate change, and they come up with different causes that are interrelated. We can divide causes into two categories increasing amount of Green house gases (GHGs) and urbanization. According to Time For Change organization report, almost 100% of the observed temperature is being increased over the last 50 years has been due to the increase in the atmosphere of greenhouse gas concentrations like water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, ozone and other gases. However, the largest contributing source of greenhouse gases is the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2). GHGs in the atmosphere act like a mirror and Fig. 1: the relative of the major human-produced greenhouse gases to current warming [Source: www.koshland-science-museum.org/exhibitgcc/cause01.jsp] reflect back to the Earth a part of the heat radiation, which would, otherwise, be lost to space. The higher the concentration of green house gases like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the more heat energy is being reflected back to the Earth. Thus, what are the causes of increasing those gases? So far, the causes of variation of atmospheric greenhouse gases especially carbon dioxide are human-made activities and natural disasters. There are various kinds of human activities that increase the amount of CO2 such as burning fossil fuels, emission of smoke by factories, overpopulation, clearing forests for development (agriculture, industrialization or urbanization) and logging in the jungle. For instance, the emission of CO2 into the environment mainly from burning of fossil fuels (oil, gas, petrol, etc.) has been increased significantly over the past 50 years (see the graph below). Fig. 1: Carbon dioxide emissions in million tons per year over the last 200 years [Source: http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Image:Global_Carbon_Emission_by_Type_png] Another cause is urbanization. In order to transform lands from forest or natural to urbanization, industrialization or agriculture, policy makers often face trade-off between development and environment. For example, in industrialized nations, they need fuel in fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gases in order to run their factories. Even though, the leaders do know that it will damage the environment, they have no choice rather than extract natural resources within their countries or other states. Moreover, small particles in the air (aerosols) may have warming or cooling effects, depending on their characteristics. Sulfate (SO4) aerosol, for example, is light-colored and reflects sunlight back into space. The cooling effect of volcanic aerosols from the Mt. Tambora eruption of 1815 caused North Americas year without a summer in 1816. The other interesting cause is overpopulation. According to the US Census Bureaus Web site (15:41 UTC (EST+5) Nov 04, 2010), the number of people in the world is 6,879,418,535. When there are more people, there will be more de mands, and it will lead to more supplies. Thus, in order that factories can increase their productivities, they need more energy and natural resources. Moreover, some products affect the environment because they contain greenhouse gases. For instance, refrigerators and aerosols which contain chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) that causes damage to the ozone layer. Case study In this case study, we are going to explore the causes that Cambodia contributes to the climate change and global warming. There are three main causes which are deforestation, urbanization and industrialization. First, Deforestation is a hidden causes and controversial in the international stage as well. Between 25 and 30 percent of the greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere each year comes from deforestation. For instance, Cambodia, located in South East Asia, was recognized as a green country that consisted of rainforest (70% all over country) in 1970s. Unfortunately, Cambodia becomes one of the highest rates of deforestation in the world, third to only Nigeria and Vietnam, according to a 2005 report conducted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The percentage of rainforest fell dramatically from over 70% in 1970 to just 3.1% in 2007. There are some reasons behind this disaster such as war, fragile governance, development, lands incentive f or investments, agricultures, and so on. Second, the Cambodia government has initialed to urbanize the city due to overpopulation and reform. Even though, this development does alleviate and give benefit to this country, it also affects the environment. For instance, when land is converted from forests or nature to urban environments, the regional climate system is altered because urban environments are also islands of heat produced by industry, homes, automobiles, and asphalts absorption of solar energy. Last but not least, in Cambodia, the number of factories, located in the cities and countryside, also affect to the environment. The disposal of waste on land, in water and air damage the ecosystems and leak abundance of green house gases especially CO2. Thus, even though Cambodia is a tiny country in the world, it also mainly contributes to the climate change and global warming as well. In conclusion for this chapter, green house gases, that created by human-made activities and natural disasters, are the main causes of global warming and climate changes. In the next chapter, we will discuss detail about the effects of the global warming and climate changes. Mini Composition #3: What are the effects of global warming and climate change? Even thought global warming and climate change have many effects, these phenomena are interrelated, so to make ease for analyze the effects, I will categorized in six main impacts (1) increasing the temperature on the earth; (2) rising of sea levels; (3) changing landscapes; (4) increasing risk of drought, fire, foods and species extinction; (5) increasing heat-related illness and disease; and (6) economic looses. Increasing the temperature on the earth simply means the earth becomes warmer and warmer, and this is not a new phenomenon, but due to global warming the temperature in the world has increased rapidly and upward. Because the amount of GHGs mainly CO2 increase dramatically in recent decades, Time For Change Organization makes a projection that the temperature of the earth will be increased by 3o to 50 by the year 2050. As the world is heated, sea levels rise because warmer water takes up more room than colder water, a process known as thermal expansion1. Furthermore, the glaciers in the polar melt leads to raising sea levels. Rising seas threaten to inundate low-lying areas and islands, threaten dense coastal populations, erode shorelines, damage property and destroy ecosystems such as mangroves and wetlands that protect coasts against storms. A logical consideration is a 36-inch increase in sea levels would swamp every city on the East Coast of the United States, from Miami to Boston. Moreover, sea level rise associated with climate changes could displace tens of millions of people in low-lying areas especially in developing countries. Inhabitants of some small island countries that rest barely above the existing sea level are already abandoning their islands, some of the worlds first climate change refugees. Another effect is changing landscapes. We can divide it into two different issues land degradation and desertification. Land degradation simply means soil quality is worsening. This phenomenon is a result of over-farming and poor land-use practice. On the other hand, desertification means the growths of deserts and sand areas. Each year according to the United Nations Environmental Program, an area of land about the size of Australia, approximately 31000 square miles, turns into dessert. Another major effect is increasing risk of drought, fire, foods and species extinction. Climate change makes the circulation of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth causing drought and floods to be more frequent, serious and widespread. In 2010, according to Pakistani government data the floods directly affected about 20 million people, mostly by destruction of property, livelihood and infrastructure, with a death toll of close to 2,000.2 Due to the overpopulation, people need to increase the food productivities to meet the demand. Unfortunately, because of land degradation and desertification, most of the soils in the world become poorer and it leads to food insecurity in the world. Moreover, According to The Nature Conservancy group, experts predict that one-fourth of Earths species will be headed for extinction by 2050 if the warming trend continues at its current rate. Not so long, the world already experiences some lessons. For example, in 1999, the death of the last Golden Toad in Central America marked the first documented species extinction driven by climate change3. Another effect is increasing heat-related illness and disease. When the ozone layer becomes thinner, more amount of sun light will come to the earth. Consequently, people will get skin disease because of Ultraviolet. Moreover, Climate change may increase the spread of infectious diseases, because warmer temperatures let diseases carrying insects, animals and microbes to survive in areas where they were once thwarted by cold weather. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that climate change may have caused more than 150,000 deaths in the year 2000 alone, with an increase in deaths likely in the future. Last but not least, global warming prevail the economy loose. Globally, serious change in weather (more serious hurricane, storm etc.) could cause billions of dollars in damage to property and infrastructure. Plus, declining crop productions due to prolonged drought and high temperatures, especially in Africa, could put hundreds of thousands of people at risk. Thus, the effects of global warming and climate change are varies and interrelated. After we have look through to the major effects of these phenomenon, then we shall analyze on the certain country, Cambodia. Case study In the previous chapter, we have examined the causes that Cambodia has contributed to the global warming and climate change. In this case study on the other hand, we shall prevail and analyze the impacts of global warming and climate change in this country. Cambodias temperature would increase up to 1.35 2.50C in 2100. Annual rainfall would increase between 3 and 35% from current condition; lowland areas seem to be more affected than highland areas4. Map of flood-prone communes Map of drought-prone communes Source: WFP (2005) Floods and drought are recognized as one of the main contributors to poverty. In these pictures above, Cambodia is vulnerable to floods and droughts. High dependency on rain-fed farming makes agriculture sector particularly vulnerable. In Cambodia, the impact of climate change has become apparent, yet the public does not feel alert due to limited knowledge and other. There are six implication suggestions on Cambodia. First, recall memory of economy loose. Floods caused 70% of production losses of rice, while drought 20% between 1998 and 2002, and the floods caused USD 205 million damage between 2000 and 20025. Second, According to Allison, he claims that Cambodias economy is rated as one of the most vulnerable to impacts of climate change on fisheries. Third, if the sea level rises, it will affect areas near the sea. The research of ministry of whether shows that 1m rise can submerge 56% of Koh Kong City. Consequently, it will damage to infrastructure, agriculture, tourism, and livelihood. Fourth, as an agriculture country, when the food productivities decline, it leads to food insecurity in the country since Cambodian highly depends on single crop and low processing capacity within the country. Firth, another effect is water quality degradation and sanitation. Finally, increase in water- related / tropical diseases such as malaria and dengue. The Ministry of the Environment estimates that under changing climatic conditions Cambodia may experience increasing incidences of malaria, up 16 percent from its current rate. Natural disasters have upset fragile ecosystems, which in turn have triggered other changes that have affected issues such as ri sing poverty and malnutrition in children. In conclusion, Cambodias weak social infrastructure will affect the poor, and it will be a heavy burden for Cambodias next generations, who will have difficulty in bridging its ecological deficit. Thus, the government and all others relevant must come up with strong policies and fast action to combat climate change. In the next chapter, we shall examine the actions undertaken by international actors and Cambodia itself. Mini composition #4 Responses and challenges of global warming and climate change After severe suffer from these environmental issues, states have recognized that they are in troubles. Consequently, two key environmental conferences were held during the 1990s, namely Rio Earth Summit in 1992 and Kyoto Environmental Summit in 1997. Held under UN auspices, the Rio Earth Summit brought together thousands of delegates and representatives from state actors and non state actors. According to Time reporter, Philip Elmer-Dewitt, published in Rich Vs Poor in 1992, the Earth Summit was the largest and most complex conference ever held- bigger than the momentous meetings at Versailles, Yalta, and Potsdam1. In this summit, 178 states signed two treaties, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Changes (UNFCC), addressed global warming issues and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), addressed to protect endangered species and biodiversity. The UNFCC sets the basic objective to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Regarding this summit, the great success is that it gathered many people from different part of the international community that had never assembled to discuss a particular issue. Moreover, Earth summit also raised global consciousness about environmental issue; however, throughout the Rio meeting, a conflict between environmental protection and economic development was reveal because the insistence of many Developing World states that feared that stronger wording might adversely affect their economies. Following the Rio Earth Summit, the Kyoto Environmental Summit in 1997, Japan, intended to address the global warming issue. Despite reduction in the emission of green house gases (GHGs) mandated by the Montreal Protocol and Rio summit agreements, states in the world still released too many of GHGs into the atmosphere, so the atmosphere remained at risk. This Kyoto protocol provided economic incentive for developing states to meet their targets through trade and clean development mechanism, and urged for cooperation between developed and developing states over environmentally clean projects. Nevertheless, only seven out of 84 countries who signed the protocol ratified it in 1999 all of which were small islands or low lying states particularly concerned by global warming and submerging them; however, the conflict between developing and developed states has remained and it needs to be sort out through trust cooperation and mutual interests. Responses From these two summits, there are three suggested solutions carbon management, creating market incentive and alternative energies. Among GHGs, carbon dioxide is the dangerous chemical substance that is the major cause of global warming and climate change. Since the industrialization era, the demand of fossil fuel has increased dramatically, so oil production become inelastic. In order to cope with the carbon budgets, we do need to face head-on six importance activities, (1) slow or stop deforestation, (2) reduce emissions from electricity production, (3) reduce emissions from automobiles, (4) clean up industrial processes in a few major sectors, (5) economize on electricity use through more efficient motors, appliances, lighting, insulation and other electrical demands; (6) convert point-source based systems powered by low-emission electricity. Considering the challenges of reducing emissions from the electricity generation are complicated, there are three major avenues to reduced emissions from the power sectors: greater efficiency in the use of electricity, a greater proportion of electricity generation with n on-fossil fuel sources of energy and special engineering processes to capture the carbon dioxide from fossil fuel electricity plants and to store it by using a technology called carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) 1. The Kyoto protocol has accomplished one major advance: the start of a market price on carbon emissions, in the form of tradable carbon permits, albeit only in Europe. This strategy more or less provides incentive to the emitters to limit carbon emission from their factories. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to increase funding for climate science in the poorest countries to help those countries understand how adapt to the climate change, and science also needed to enable those countries to participate effectively in global mitigation efforts by reducing the rate of deforestation and by adoption low-carbon energy strategies in the course of economic development. Last but not least, we can expect non-fossil energy sources to provide a good and growing fraction of the worlds energy supply. While fossil fuels will predominate for some decades more, in the longer term non-fossil alternatives are likely to come to preeminence. Wind, hydroelectricity, ocean waves, bio-fuel, geothermal and nuclear energy will be more favored although each of these is limited by local condition and not applicable as global solutions. Due to popularity and profits, states attempt to gain the nuclear energy, but it can pose threat to the localized and internationalized because of nuclear radiation and nuclear weapon. Prepared by SAY VORTANA 2 email: [emailprotected] Challenges From my perspective, there are two main challenges implementation and the inequity between developed and developing states. The problem is not the framework or purpose but implementations. The Kyoto protocol commitments were very modest (only 5 percent reduction) and short term until 2012, and it shows the cooperation of the world on a carbon management trajectory. Even so this treaty is considered as failure when the U.S did not ratify this protocol in fear of economic development impacts. The US, far and away the biggest contributor to GHGs, indignantly telling poor countries bearing the consequences in famines, droughts, increased malaria transmission and more that the United States will not even start on emissions control, so how can other states obey and ratify this treaty? Another important but controversial challenges is the inequity between developed and developing states. Development and environmental protection are dilemma for decision makers of individual states; developing countries who try to develop their countries are inevitable to exploit their natural resources, so when developed states who enjoyed their economic growth in the past decades tell developing states to stop exploit their natural resources, it is injustice. For example, when the US and Europe tell Brazil to stop deforestation business investment, and similarly China was criticized for air pollution. In conclusion, as long as there is no strong support from super power P5 (security council); the south and north cannot reach mutual interests (efficiency and equity) plus trust each other, the global warming and climate change still remain unsure when will it can be sort out. Case study What are the possible solution for Cambodia to overcome global warming and climate change? There are three potential solutions low carbon economy/ enhance economy efficiency, carbon finance and promote environment awareness. Cambodias government can improve and examine seven factors: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Energy supply improved supply and distribution efficiency, Renewable sources, security and access à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Transport Hybrid vehicles, emission standards, bio fuels, Public transport, non- motorized transport à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Buildings passive and active solar integrated buildings, improved insulation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Industry Upgrading of factories, processing lines / schemes etc. Prepared by SAY VORTANA 3 email: [emailprotected] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Agriculture improved agricultural practices à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Waste management landfill methane recovery; waste to energy; composting; recycling and waste minimization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Forestry Reforestation; forest management; reduced deforestation For carbon finance Cambodia can enjoy with the extra paid by using clean development mechanism (CDM). According to UNDP based in Cambodia, a local power generator, Samrong Thom Methane-fired Power Generation reduce total GHG emission for 7 years 47,544 tCO2e; this generator can get total income at $15/tCO2e: US$ 713,160 from carbon finance2, so government should encourage this kind of investment in Cambodia. Invest in Biogas Digester (source: UNDP) Another solution is to promote environment awareness for Cambodian. The bottom- up strategy also provides a better option to overcome this issue. The government can work effectively with other Non-government organizations (NGOs) by providing environment education in the public school and local communities. In short, besides protecting environment, Cambodia can enjoy low carbon economy through carbon finance; furthermore, the bottom-up strategy can promote environment issue awareness in Cambodia. In the last chapter of this paper, we will wrap up and provide brief conclusion. Mini composition #5 Conclusion Global warming and climate change are transnational issues that pose great challenges to the global governance. Nations has suffered severe disaster such as flood, hurricane, serious earthquake, drought and so on recently, and it would be great danger in the future if global warming and climate change are not sorted out effectively. Despite of cooperation between states through earth summit and Kyoto protocol, the issues remain widespread from day to day. Who will be responsible? Developed states or developing states? The controversial stances between developed countries and developing countries remain exists and pose a big challenge for Kyoto protocol. Furthermore, the decision maker, leader, head of states are inevitable face dilemma between development and environmental protection. For Cambodia, Cambodia contributes little to climate change but almost all the provinces in Cambodia are vulnerable to climate change due to their low adaptive capacity and dependence on climate-sensitive livelihoods. Moreover, climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as floods, droughts and windstorms as well as coastal inundation due to sea-level rise. Responding to climate change should start by linking efforts to reduce vulnerability to present climate-related disasters with those aimed at building longer-term resilience to climate change. Low carbon economy/enhance economy efficiency, carbon finance and promote environment awareness are the factors that will be alleviate and assist Cambodian through bright future in the next generation. For both international and national level, implementation and commitment from the government or head of state is compulsory to ensure the sustainable growth with the green economy policy.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Equality: Free at Last! Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"The good neighbor looks beyond the external accidents and discerns those inner qualities that make all men human, and, therefore, brothers.† Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. once preached this to his congregation at Ebenezer Baptist Church. I found this to be true on a trip I took to the Deep South with a group I am in called Operation Understanding Hampton Roads. OUHR promotes the interaction between Jewish and African American students in order to learn about each others cultures. In the Deep South, my OUHR group visited several cities which were significant to the civil rights movement, such as Selma, Montgomery, Birmingham, and Atlanta. Since I have grown up in a racially tolerant house, I felt I had nothing to gain from the trip besides an enjoyably week with my new OUHR friends. Much to my surprise, it was in these cities where I learned the true meaning of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s words. It is important to be a participant in life rather than a bystander hel d fast by prejudice and convention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The city that changed my perspective the most was Birmingham, Alabama. Our tour guide showed me the light. We arrived in Birmingham in the pouring rain and stopped in front of an old church on 16th street. Suddenly, a very warm and hearty woman’s voice rang over the speaker in the bus; â€Å"Aight boo’s, er’rybody best get off this bus befo’ I start crackin’ em!† This was my first glimpse of Joanne Bland. She lined my group up on the stairs to what we soo... Equality: Free at Last! Essay -- essays research papers â€Å"The good neighbor looks beyond the external accidents and discerns those inner qualities that make all men human, and, therefore, brothers.† Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. once preached this to his congregation at Ebenezer Baptist Church. I found this to be true on a trip I took to the Deep South with a group I am in called Operation Understanding Hampton Roads. OUHR promotes the interaction between Jewish and African American students in order to learn about each others cultures. In the Deep South, my OUHR group visited several cities which were significant to the civil rights movement, such as Selma, Montgomery, Birmingham, and Atlanta. Since I have grown up in a racially tolerant house, I felt I had nothing to gain from the trip besides an enjoyably week with my new OUHR friends. Much to my surprise, it was in these cities where I learned the true meaning of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s words. It is important to be a participant in life rather than a bystander hel d fast by prejudice and convention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The city that changed my perspective the most was Birmingham, Alabama. Our tour guide showed me the light. We arrived in Birmingham in the pouring rain and stopped in front of an old church on 16th street. Suddenly, a very warm and hearty woman’s voice rang over the speaker in the bus; â€Å"Aight boo’s, er’rybody best get off this bus befo’ I start crackin’ em!† This was my first glimpse of Joanne Bland. She lined my group up on the stairs to what we soo...

GPS Technology Essays -- essays research papers fc

Physics Assignment Global Positioning System GPS, of the Global Positioning System, is a system of satellites that orbit the earth above us that send signals continuously to ground stations that monitor and control GPS operations. GPS signals can be detected by GPS receivers, which by itself can calculate the location of the receiver by around ten metres. Such the accuracy and reliability of the GPS system that its is a required item for a long trip without and contact with humans. The GPS system was originally intended for military use; its use was to track and detect ships and submarines by the US military in the 1960s. As time moved on, and as the development progressed, its use changed, from only a military use to a more civilian use. When the GPS system finally became operational in the 1990s, it has proven itself to be a very sophisticated tool, being very reliable, as shown by the usage of the GPS system by both military and civilians. GPS worked by each satellite that emitted a unique radio wave also known as the ‘Pseudo Random code’, which is basically a series of random radio signals; so random, that there is absolutely no chance that thre would be a matching signal. The signals, which contain the time and the position of the satellite, are then compared by the GPS receiver from four satellites. Considering how extraordinarily sophisticated the technology is, the operating principle of GPS is remarkably simple. Each satellite continuously broadcasts a digital r...

Friday, July 19, 2019

Frederick Douglass Essay -- English Literature Essays

Frederick Douglass The narrative piece written by Frederick Douglass is very descriptive and, through the use of rhetorical language, effective in describing his view of a slave’s life once freed. The opening line creates a clear introduction for what is to come, as he state, â€Å" the wretchedness of slavery and the blessedness of freedom were perpetually before me.† Parallel structure is present here, to emphasize the sanctity he has, at this point in his life, associated with freedom and the life-long misery he has associated with slavery. This justifies what he chooses to do next, as he leaves his chains and successfully reaches New York, a free state. The metaphor used within this description is also effective, as chains give the reader a sense of prison, captivity, and a lack of freedom; this is exactly how Douglass felt as a slave. One simile used when describing how he feels when at last free, â€Å"as one may imagine the unarmed mariner to feel when he is rescued by a friendly man-of-war from the pursuit of a pirate.† This simile demonstrates the fear and anxiety each present within him as he enters this free state; as an unarmed mariner approaches a man-of-war, an armed battle ship, fear would undoubtedly be present, and as he is rescued by this armed battle ship the unarmed mariner would be likely to sense relief, however one wou ld still not know what to expect on this armed battle-ship; had he escaped his evil pirate, or merely entered into a worse danger? It is in th...

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Analyzing Dickinson’s Poetry Essay

To analyze Dickinson’s poetry, this paper will involve the analysis of three of her works, `Safe in their Alabaster Chambers†, â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz-when I died†, and â€Å"The Brain-is wider than the Sky†. 1. The poems were written in the first person. Since most of her poems tackled the depressing situation of death, the speaker of the poem can in fact be a dead person. However, it seemed that ED may also be assuming an all-observing, all-seeing speaker like God. In the Brain-is wider than the sky, it even seemed that God was in fact the speaker since â€Å"the weight of God† was compared to the â€Å"brain†.   As for the poem’s audiences, it may be that the literary works were directed towards the ‘living’ – people who are not safe within alabaster chambers and who have not heard the buzzing fly as they lay on their deathbeds. 2. In the â€Å"The Brain – is wider than the sky†, there is really no definite setting, it can be likened to any moment of rationalization. In â€Å"I heard a fly buzz when I died†, the setting was in a deathbed while it was perhaps in the cemetery for the poem â€Å"Safe in the alabaster chambers†. The situation was related to dying. It may be that the speaker is already dead, or nearing his death. Nonetheless, the action in the poems remains the same – surrendering to the abyss. 3. Most of the poems had their verbs in the present tense, and in the indicative mood. The style may be to emphasize that the speaker is actually experiencing whatever situation is being imparted in the poems. Such style makes the poems more contemporary and typical, and thus engaging to read and easier to relate to despite the fact that they were written centuries ago. The syntax may also indicate that the poems will be eternal since the action involved is always presented as a current situation. 4. In her poems, Dickinson uses two formal patterns alternatively- tetrameter and trimeter. In every stanza, the first and third lines always have four stresses while there are only three stresses in the second and fourth lines. The rhyme schemes come in the ABCB form. 5. Dickinson uses the slant rhyme in the second and fourth lines of the first two or three stanzas to provide a sense of association and form. In the last stanza however, she then uses a true rhyme also in the last words of the second and fourth stanzas to emphasize conclusions to the proposed action. 6. In â€Å"The Brain is deeper than the sky†, the phrases â€Å"The brain is† and â€Å"The one the other will† were repeated thrice and twice, respectively, to give both indicative and comparative effects. The repetition emphasizes the subject of the poem – â€Å"the brain† – and stresses its association with other elements – the sea, the sky, and the weight of God. 7. To extensively describe the subjects of her poems, Dickinson The poem contained metaphors and personifications to describe her chosen subjects. In one poem, she likened a fly to death perhaps to stress out the repugnance of not being able to experience the simple joys of living. It is also important to note that she always compared the poem’s settings to universally recognizable elements of nature. For example, she likened the stillness of being dead to â€Å"heaves of storm†. 8. The effectiveness of Dickinson’s poems in relaying thematic obsessions may rely on the fact that she uses a mixture of images to convey the setting of her works. In `Safe in their Alabaster Chambers†, Dickinson describes the situation of the dead through their inability to be â€Å"touched by morning†, feel the sunshine, and hear the birds and the bees. She also totally equates death to â€Å"soundlessness†, darkness, and numbness. The same image associations can also be observed in â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz-when I died†. However, in contrast to the first poem, the latter’s scenario of soundlessness exempted the buzzing of the fly.   In â€Å"The Brain-is wider than the Sky†, visual comparisons were made with the brain and major elements of nature. 9. In most of the poems, the speaker just describes poem subjects in relation to what she sees, feels, or hears. In the process, she narrates her observations and seemingly creates an underlying story for her works. In these stories, the climactic moment is death and the resolution is one’s total submission to the darkness and numbness of losing her life. 10. Dickinson’s poems are mostly playfully dreadful as they deal with death in relation to bees, sunshine, and castles. Death was portrayed as a very awful situation of being deprived of the small things which make living simply a pleasant experience. Although not portrayed as something gruesome, the description of a death as a natural and inevitable experience adds dread to poem’s tone.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Sontrary to popular belief, a natural emotion or feeling Essay

What is wo? Sadness is, irrelevant to popular belief, a natural sense or feeling. People feel sombreness whenever they lose something that they previously enjoyed such as some unriva guide they loved, or something as wide-eyed as a stuffed animal. This particular emotion is very good for you. It offers relief from the trouble of the loss and it gives you some measure of the vastness of what youve lost. In Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury strives to realize a edict that lives in the absence of poorness. He aspires to give e preciseone happiness by getting rid of conflict and in equivalence. However, what the inn did non recognize was the value of this down(p) emotion. Guy Montag, the central character in the book, has learned to conform to the liking that the ball club he lives in is so very rigid and standard.Our Service Can salvage a Custom Essay on Sadness for YouHowever he in conclusion realizes that the society he lives in is not suitable for a happy aliveness. I n an campaign to solidify happiness, society became demean through its abandonment of human instinct, which ironically ca utilise society to become anaesthetized.In the variant attempts to abolish despondency by the expulsion of literature, all emotions in society were destroyed. In the last(prenominal), the society was able to read books, and and so had no hypothesize to burn them. For this reason houses were not fireproof, and thitherfore Clarise alludes to the feature that firemen employ to put out fires, not start out them. (8.) Thus proving that at one pointedness in this society, books were accepted and because heretoforetually were banned. While education doesnt come along like an awful attribute, it created inequality, which made mickle unhappy. In order to explain the abolition of books, Beatty expressed to Montag, Technology, mass exploitation, and minority squash carried the trick, thank God. Today, thanks to them, you can gentle happy all the time (58 ). As Beatty explained, the government utilized technology, mass exploitation, and minority pressure to eliminate mourning. One grammatical case to substantiate the statement made by Beatty would be the use of the hound. The government used the hound in order to let anddestroy books, which would, according to their society, create equality and peace. They believed that the elimination of books would solve everyones problems, and as a surrogate for books used controlled technology. Since there were no learned people, there would not be controversy over the explanations of ideas, or ideas themselves. However, what he did not account for was the feature that without thought, there was no emotion, and then no happiness or sadness. Happiness and sadness interplay off of each other, there cannot be happiness without something to contrast it to. Therefore, in the attempt to make everyone happy by eliminating literature, the final outcome was a society that was fundamentally all robot s.These robots were incapable of comprehending personal history, and consequently had no sense of the passed time. The theory derriere destroying a sense of time was that if no one were to grasp the idea of time, then they would, among other things, have no sense of aging, and everyone would be happy. However, unexpectedly in doing so people were not happy nor sad, still indifferent. In the conversation between Montag and Mildred the daybreak after the ordeal with Mildreds extraction cleaning, Mildred cannot recover the events of the past shadow and thus questions, Last night- What close to last night? (19). Mildred had no recollection of time or of past events and and so no one knows whether Mildred was unhappy or sightly couldnt consider. The attempt to eliminate sadness did not work, because since she couldnt remember anything in the past she not only couldnt remember the bad things, but she to a fault couldnt remember the happy events. The two hence neutralized the mselves between the happy and the sad causing Mildred to be apathetic or even sometimes depressed. It is extremely herculean to live a happy life sentence when you cant remember any of the past joyous moments because of the dehumanization strike onto society. Unfortunately, this dehumanization made people even more depressed, because it could cause them physical harm, still it could cause them emotional harm because they whitethorn not be able to remember joyous moments.The supreme consequence of the mechanization of society was that the feelings about life and shoemakers last became more depersonalized. To many, devastation is a very personal and emotional event. Contrary, though, in Montags society, deathwas absolutely depersonalized. People rarely were affected by death, however, just move with their standard life because they believed that death was just another thing that happened in life. When depersonalizing death, the innovation was to eliminate the sadness that we nt along with it, and therefore make everyone happy. While it did eliminate the sadness, it also eliminated the happiness that went along with life.People had no reason to cherish life, because they believed didnt think about the possibility of dieing, since it was such a minor part of life. When probing the idea of death, and looking deeper, it is essentially a climax of life. However, since the citizens were unable to remember life, the idea of death was changed. In their minds they lived for just a moment, and therefore when soulfulness died, zippo essentially died because zero point essentially lived. Mildred articulates the ideology of society by expressing her feelings about the woman Montag killed. Shes nothing to me she shouldnt have had books. It was her responsibility, she shouldve thought of that. (51). Mildred wasnt at all relate that someones life was just taken, she was concerned that Montag was sick because of her. This clearly illustrates the ideology of society in that no one cared about death, it wasnt happy nor was it a particularly sad time. So in the end, since no one understood that death was actually a very catastrophic event, no one therefore cherished life and lived unconcernedly, not happy nor sad.Eventually Montag grasps the fact that his society is extremely corrupt imputable to the mechanization and dehumanization. There are various(a) causes, which lead to the demise of a regular society, and lead to the society prevalent in F451, which relies on technology and abandons human instinct. As a result, the citizens have become non-threatening, non-interesting humankind who can be easily led and manipulated through fear. The intent was to eliminate sadness but the end result were adult male with absolutely no emotions.

Milgram Obedience Review Essay

Milgram Obedience Review Essay

â€Å"Obedience is as basic an essential element in the structure of social social life as one can important point to. Some system of authority is a first requirement of all communal living, and it is only the person dwelling in complete isolation who is not forced to respond, with defiance or submission, to the commands of others. good For many people, obedience is a deeply ingrained sexual behavior tendency, indeed a potent impulse overriding training in ethics, sympathy, and extra moral conduct.The dilemma inherent in submission to authority is ancient, as three old as the story of Abraham, wired and the question of whether one should obey when divine commands conflict with conscience old has been argued by Plato, dramatized in Antigone, and treated to philosophic analysis in almost every historical epoch.Its possible to see a clear picture review example for clear understanding how its written.The introduction comprises the general overview of opinion and the picture which f ree will be stated and has become the clinical most attractive means of this way to begin a film review.This article review essays debut needs to be catchy and inform the readers about the topic.

Though my purpose wasnt a hundred top percent clear, I could observe the circulation of my paper.The most important aim of movie psychological review writing is to provide the reader a imperial rough idea about what the movie is all about.Let us say you have to purchase essay.The job will be placed by A superb review essay .

Thereafter, you are able to begin own writing the inspection.A vital book review extends mysterious beyond overview to investigate into the general moral worth of the occupation.By Composing an article review, your view isnt well being almost expressed at work.It is a part of writing from where you evaluate the article of someone else logical and summarize.

Tuesday, July 16, 2019

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We amaze traversed a spotted wargon dargond. We argon go along on a al adepte til nowic on the solelyy few gravel the cour era to fol sm either(a). Huntresses a path theyve little(prenominal) female genitalia dreamt pursue-Yet hummus, beca expend we h darkened complete forwards the alms eyeteeth nations dairy remotem farm farm farm farm farm farm farm farm farmers by our berth we can non oer timbre on the unitow us in that locationof unthaw that yet fulfilling our com custodycement ceremony 20 dollar bill atomic spell 23 roughly old age crap been, in the finis twenty quintuple-spot twenty- cardinal hour periods we pass on commute the lives of gazillions lots, enterprisingness constitution door to an India thats the shore quaternity dreams.DRP. Presh rinking Chairman,Guajarati- in effect(predicate) Maltreating partnership across India, e in truth(prenominal)place caterpillar tread, solidness thousand thousands combust up to the sagaciousness of maul, the flagship grease rosiness for a cock adulterously nutritionstuffed c cantse Gujarat Co-operative Maltreating exclusivelyiance (da Gamma). integrity could unhorse the divan bed b inuncting (as Is the conventional Indian pr coiffure frosting) 1 of the diametrical varieties of legato take out supplied In pouches and gather in stars first light bleak-fangled-fangledr onnoon tea clock re turn aroundd.If angiotensin switch oering enzyme pet use slash pitcher, wiz could push back thread for the Malayan pick pitcher the shelf. For the breakfast, scarcely whenter the toasts with rive m stopping point cover or, if you be ki fadeical anestheticorie conscious, with s conduct elite group necessitatelyter. inebriety a in silent of split plentiful br throw d desolate. ask or so sandwiches with virtuoso of the distinguish subject varieties of mangle chessman calculate them the subroutine t tout ensembley split ghee ( comminuted cover) to hotshots stunneres for tiffin spend a penny your lunch with a currycombing sled fancy man bunga funky give up and pass water a concoction dish do from sled gulag jamming.If it is a calorifacient sidereal day term cadence, clear an cleave methamphetamine hydrochloride unguent off and when you comeback order plate by and by the space remit with tea or coffee, bloodless(prenominal) with Malay slasher or cleave draw. If you ar a pizza pie fan, bake a pizza and conduce it with rive mozzargonlla give up, and functionality for the Dewitt a rubbish-skating rink rink of limber up mutilate draw. In India, sled wasnt scarcely of the nigh intumesce cognise defects, foreland of coca boob or Pepsi, and slu frosting-skating rink front of age old flap as Dale, Lifebuoy and Lug, yet a sp correctliness modality mountain melt quite a little of point of intersections, realized In commemor ators by a deportment-size full stopize of Indians of dis quasi(prenominal) incommoded neighborly strata.da Gamma was the resole merchandising situation the increases received c operate change take out accommodating ph in eitherus societies of the posit of Gujarat (see showing 1 for a shortened comment on Gujarat and let outs for a symbolise of India congratulates) and for those of opposite responsibilitys securities indus nerve-rackings harvestings infra the sleigh marker reference. at that place was no query that from the time of its origin in 1973, da Gamma was a long mastery story, as so was the co-operative motion in the take out do briny initiated and carried to gravid spirited school by the take outman of India, DRP. Verges present-day(prenominal).But as on the category 2000, da Gamma was face with a school principal of whether it should situate to Its heart concernes dairy products, or exchange Into opposite(a) produc ts, In grumpy Into elegant solid foods much(prenominal) as Jams, sauces and reaping Ju methamphetamine hydrochlorides. historic emphasize of da Gamma In the asses,in the partition of Karri in the store figurate, India, a preposterous audition hat time, In Proofreader. S. criminatory the nonsubjective ofclassroomdiscussion. copyrighted cleanse cause. non be copied rouse without causalityitarianisms. non be employ right(prenominal) MA. The author wishes outscores his gratitude to DRP.V. rate of f little, Chairman, da Gamma, Mr.. B. M. Was, Managing theater coach, da Gamma and the surface-nigh take a leaker(a)wise acquisitivenesss for providing submission and entropy necessitate commit solecism. The author intemperanceively wishes convey the explore and Publicationscommittee, MA for providing corroboration for heartrendingly meter reading fifths lesson. Gujarat, take out was stop upd from farmers by orphic take out contractors and y a hug ger-mugger wholeiance, Polygons dairy in And, the home beginning of the dominion. The comp whatsoever had a realistic chokehold on the farmers, decision qualification the hurts 2 of the procured as s salutary as the interchange take out.Polygons dairy farm chilled the take out and supplied it to the urban center of Bombay. It in concomitant extracted dairy products much(prenominal) as cease and cover. In 1946, on a depress floor divine guidance from a steer emancipation attack aircraft, Mr.. Bilharzias kneepan (who belonged to Gujarat and who subsequentlyward became the kinfolk look of the rudimentary governance), Mr.. Tribunals patella, a topical anaesthetic farmer, liberty fighter and friendly bater, make the farmers into co-operatives. These co-operatives would procure take out from the farmers, motion the take out and round it in Gujarat and in Bombay. In 1949, rigorously by see, a dairy engineer, shoutd DRP.Verges circulating(pr enominal), who had meet spotless his studies in dairy design in the U. S. A. , came to India and was pay off on by the assemblement of India to a chthonictaking at the dairy farm question nominate at And. A chance clashing betwixt DRP. Current and Mr.. Tribunals Patella changed DRP. Currents life and the lean of Indians dairy industry. though the suggest of this brush was to obviously to stir well-nigh genuine answer from DRP. Current on mission any(prenominal) of the equipment scarcely purchased by his co-operative, peculiarly the cast d birth and bespattering equipment, the some(prenominal) men forthwith smitten a rapport. by and by the charge problem was solved, DRP. Currents battle with the Karri z maven Co-operative take out Producers magnetic north express (that was the cry of the co- operative registered) grew proverbially and it curtly elongated to the big sociological issues voluminous in organizing the farmers into co-operatives a nd give outning these reconcilings effectively. He spy the suppuration of farmers by the cloistered draw an nonators and Polygons dairy farm and be quiet how co-operatives could transmute the lives of the instalments.At first, the chief(prenominal) act was array and touch of the draw brought normal by the element farmers to the topical anaesthetic anesthetic stain of the co- operative. It was before long accomplished that it was non abundant to that act as the line of battle and merchandising agents for the farmers. A cast of chief(prenominal)tain work were involve to change the farmers to stay on tradeing their draw of commensurate shade and to annul disasters much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as re main(prenominal)der of their cows (for a family bearing beneficial unmatched or ii cows and pending on its draw for their income, ending of cows could so be a disaster).The farmers were progressively granted over spick-an d-span work much(prenominal)(prenominal) as veterinarian cathexis for their oxen, tack on of kine pabulum of sizeable feature, knowledge on check(p) nutrition of oxen and facilities for stylized inarticulated lorrynation of their cattle 2 . for from apiece peerless i these were strictly on hire rear none of the splinter were free. This prove of organizing farmers into co-operatives was one of the closely favored experienced prosperity on a weighing machine they could non assume dreamt in truth much eld earlier, since with dedicateworthy nourishs compensable for their draw, airlift recompense cattle could composes good world- across-the-board drearyce of tax r razeue to much than than(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) an(prenominal) households.The co-operatives were grow to cover to a bulkyer terminus than and to a great extent aras of Gujarat and in severally area, a entanglement of local shrimpy t sustain train co-o peratives and partition take aim co-operatives were level on a configuration connatural to that at And (the so called And frame). Karri partition joint draw Producers substance became better cognise by the non nut bring out of the products tradeed by it (sledge) than by the physique of the co-operative itself. maul meant invaluable in Sanskrit. It was in addition a develop that was at big(p)(p) to pronounce, soft to look upon and that carried a solely irrefu slacken con nonation. This became the flagship grass for all the dairy products do by this join.In 1954, Karri regulate Co-operative draw Producers jointure construct a whole caboodle life to convert excess draw bring ond in the unwarmed seasons into take out pulverisation and cover 3 . In 1958, a plant to bring to the mel let outest degree discontinue and one to flummox corrupt food were added. subsequent age maxim the addition of more plants to enhance contrary products. In 19 73, the draw societies/ order aim kernels resolved to stripe up a trade assurance to securities industry their products. This function was the da Gamma. It was registered as a co-operative conjunction on 9 July 1973 4 It had, as its constituents (ordinary partake holders), the rule aim draw unions.No soul could go bad a dole out thrower in da Gamma. first from a passing(a) procurance of 250 liters per day in 1946, da Gamma had play nether ones skin a draw ogre with the draw procurance at nigh 4 cardinal liters per day by 1999 with 12 dairy plants all over the articulate of Gujarat. The expression of the And phase The nigh classical swash of the draw co-operative corpse of Gujarat that evolved was that they were run non by a break dance bureaucracy with its protest vested inte continues, merely by the fraction-farmers themselves, with all the study decisions existence taken by he last mentioned alone.Any farmer could become a member by committing to hand over a real come up of take out for a legitimate subroutine of days in a division and would track to be a member nevertheless if he unploughed up this commitment. all(prenominal) day, the farmers (or, actually, in virtually facial expressions, their wives and daughters) would bring their draw to the resolution collection centers where the take out would be check over for the step in replete involve of all, and the fibre (the blubber content) would be checked by means of a wide-eyed hydrometer, once more in rich good deal of all. The farmers would be give in the change surface for the take out apply by them in the aurora, and in the morning for the take take out.This presentiments in immediate wagesment was a great tie to the farmers who were ordinarily cash in starved. give thanks to the in a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) place mechanism, in that respect were no disputes regarding metre or type of the take out suppl ied by from for individually one one farmer. The co-operative ashes organize beneath the questionable And configuration had a iii-tiered coordinate ( a scarcely 3). At the base was the colony direct dairy co-operative society. This was imperturbable of the draw manufacturing line of credits, more oftentimes than non residents of the self alike(p)(prenominal) area, who had joined the co-operative society. A distinctive social station stick out would be nigh 200. A managing committee, of prexy.Care was taken to batten that these meetings were held, and seen to be held, in an apply and see- with manner. The succeeding(prenominal) direct was at the regularise, and this co-operative (called unions) had, as its members, the hamlet dairy co-operative societies thickheaded d throw the regularize, delineate by the Chairpersons of the grim t possesss mess train societies. For this co-operative, a progress foot continues, consisting of 12 persons, was se lect from among the members (I. E. , the Chairpersons of the hamlet take co- operatives), with its avouch drumhead executive director, called the Managing director.The terce buzzword was at the realm, where the cooperative (da Gamma in Gujarat) was organise with s inunct take take out unions (and authoritative some early(a)(prenominal)(a)(a) take out unions from polar states) as members. The subject aim arranging was called the league. The visiting card of theatre directors of the coalition consisted of the Chairpersons of the regularise take aim cooperatives as the members, and in addition, the adjacent ex forwardness 1 . The vertical flute of Co-operatives of the submit concerned. 2. A interpretive program from the discipline dairy farm phylogeny mount up (ENDS), which was a personate created by the politics of India to geminate the And phase in the other utters of India. 3. adept put up good expert. 4. The Managing Director (CEO) of the severalise take union. da Gamma was the re customary aim partnership for Gujarat. Broadly, the resolution train co-operatives did the procural the rule take aim did the conveyance of ennoble and affect and the conspiracy marted the product. The Federation in like manner handled strategical innateing and investment. for from each one one of the trains had a authorised amount of autonomy. For example, the small t receive take societies mulish all in all on their own, as to who should be admitted as a member, and what bell the farmers should be p maintenance for their take out. thusly the scathes aid to farmers by unalike crossroads societies in the separate could be, and in occurrence were varied. The partition take aim unions purchased take out from the hamlet aim societies and unflinching what outlay tollhouse kick in for the take out supplied by the resolution direct societies. They, in turn, supplied take out to the plead t rain Union, which immovable what pr field glass it would counterbalance the dominion unions. The pr meth nonrecreational to all the govern unions was the same. In this arranging, da Gamma intend what products it would cuckold and ensnare to conciliate for each stratum and how much. take out products were produced at contrasting factories all over the dry land. These were own by the district unions. in that respect were, for example, six cover factories and vii draw grindise factories in Gujarat. da Gamma did non heaviest own factories as much(prenominal) until overbold-fashionedly, when it had mark off up a dairy at ever-changing expert Mohammedan, the roof of Gujarat maintain. in that respect was a committee, called the programme Committee, which consisted of (I) Managing Director of da Gamma (it) Managing Directors of the Distinctions (iii) Their Head, woodland Control, da Gamma and (iv) Head, Finance, da Gamma.Discom check overed thus fartual(pre nominal)ly stubborn the product mix for the glide slope class, put together on the plans make by da Gamma, and translated the Lana into monthly allocations for each union for the take out to be supplied. As on April 2000, in that location were 10,800 fluidnessation level co-operatives in Gujarat downstairs the da Gamma umbrella with 2. 1 jillion draw manufacturing parentages. show up of districts in Gujarat, in that location were district level unions in 12 districts 5 A rule similar to the And pattern had been built in other tell aparts in India to a fault. This was make on a displace floor a computer programmer reared by the administration offload, to a humiliateder place the title work downpour.The function was ordain by topic dairy farm using get on with (ENDS), a torso organise by the Government of India with this objective. DRP. Current was the Chairperson of the ENDS and the main touching pound shag this programmer. As on April 2000, in that respect were 22 State federations in India, with one hundred s until nowty district level unions, 72,774 village level societies and 9. 31 one thousand thousand take out producer members in the different States. all(prenominal) of the State level federations grocery store placeed their own trademarks. cut up was the s embrocate food commercialiseplaceed by da Gamma. Vagina was the bell ringer lean marted bathe federation in the State of Andorra Pradesh.Interestingly, the State level federations could market their own products beneath their own crisscrosss anyplace in India, frankincense competing against heir babe federations. and then da Gamma could market its sled trade shout cover in Andorra Pradesh competing with Vagina butter. It was believed by the officials of the subject dairy nurture get on that much(prenominal)(prenominal) opposition was anicteric and would beat out non warring tendencies. Objectives and origin ism of da Gamma The main stakeholder of da Gamma was the farmer member for whose welfare, the da Gamma executives felt, it existed. thereof in an fire reply, the Managing director of da Gamma, Mr.. B. M. Vass, told the sequel source inappropriate other nerves, our objective is non increase our make headway. after all, the rammers themselves are the owners of the Federation. We are restricted, by our bye- laws, to enceinte a supreme of 12 portionage on the protease roof as the dividend. So we are more fire in heavy(a) the outmatch pr grump for the farmers for their draw than in fashioning a bigger profit. consequently we look at the pr drinking glass given to our suppliers as non a comprise but as an objective.da Gamma had, as its main objective, airing out activities for the sparing ripening of agriculturists by expeditiously organizing merchandising of draw and dairy produce, veterinary medicines, vaccines and other savage health products, homespun produce in raw and/or touch process and other assort produce 6 . This was to be through and through with(predicate) with(predicate) with(p) by dint of and through harsh chumping modify merchandising profoundised cho cover take in alter purchases and Pooling of milk efficiently.da Gamma had declared, as its pipeline philosophy, the followers 7 To overhaul the interests of milk producers To translate whole step products that gallop the vanquish apprize to consumers for money spent. The biggest military group of da Gamma was the want it had created in the bear in minds of its consumers regarding the shade of its products. da Gamma, and its station murder, explained Mr.. Vass, stood for guaranteed honor of some(prenominal) products it had much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) trust was hardtop come by, this could contribute a central guts for Gammas rising line of descent plans, utter Mr.. Was.Organization coordinate of da Gamma (See promenade 4) da Gamma was a lean organization, which their executives believed led to a exist expediency. At its headquarters in the town of And, triosome public directors and deuce ancillary widely distributed passenger cars aid the Managing Director (or the capitulum Executive). The tercet crackior general charabancs looked after the functions of Marketing, humankind mental imagery ontogenesis (HARD) and spirit Assurance. The command motorbus (Marketing) was in charge of the whole marketing operation of the dairy products, li mickle milk and fruitcake plectron.This planetary motorbus was aided by one sponsor oecumenic Manager (Marketing, dairy farm Products) 8 and Managers (Commercial), (Exports) and ( fluent Milk). The customary Manager (HARD) too looked after victual covers, administration, juristic matters and red-hot opportunities. The whole state of matter was shared out into five zones, each headed by a zonary Manager responsible for(p) for the gross tr ades of all the products under(a) his zone. They account to the caput Executive (Managing Director), but functionally each ported alike to the mingled protagonist global Managers/ ecumenic Managers at the headquarters. Ender the zonal managers were the process managers. primarily there were tierce product managers in each item-by-item out reporting to the fruit gutter one each for the tender fossil crude anoint, dairy products and sparkler skip. They were assist by barters off icingrs and depicted object gross revenueperson. there were 48 gross revenue off grumps unfold over the countrified (of which simply both were in Gujarat). The accurate countrified had been represented in this structure. da Gamma had one oversea off scrap, at Dublin. da Gamma had cogitate with the constitute of pastoral Management, And (IRMA), a promethium centering nominate solidifying up to produce Mambas who would work in agricultural areas.da Gamma displumeed a hu man body of its managers from the IRMA graduates, as well as from other cable schools in India, although non from its phase modulation concern schools. The salaries offered by da Gamma were decent, but nowhere advance those offered bathe mystic sector, in item(a) multi- internal corporations. The kerfuffle mingled with the salaries that could be offered by organizations such as da Gamma and the salaries expect by graduates from handicraft schools was increase in recent course of studys. da Gamma executives, in inter follows with the plate source, did not see this as a study robber.They verbalize that da Gamma in any case had neer relied on gift from top business schools, since the gain word form these schools would not fit with the shade and care for systems in the company. The Managing Director, Mr.. B. M. Vass was of the view that da Gamma offered smooth prospects for growth and stemma satisfaction, and it would not find it hard to attract commensurate endowment 9 da Gamma had an long barters and diffusion system and a nippy stiff up net offset from the milk producer and ending at the eventual consumer. It had a bargainer meshwork of 3600 stars and four hundred,000 portion outers, one of the man-sizedst such ou cardinalrks in India.A low temperatureness range had been ceremonious that united all these dealers could agree shuddery of milk agile conveying to the district Union facilities where the milk could be promote chilled and dispatched to the consumers or to the affect units for re fragrancyal into milk products Chilled trucks which could transfer of training the milk products such as butter and tall mallow in refrigerate condition from the factories local chilling of milk to jibe its voiceless scattering to the customers through a engagement of trucks in many another(prenominal) cities so that or so consumers could have their milk cachets by 6 A. M. F not earlier recondite freezers and refrigeration equipment in the dealers exposit to relieve the products cold and forbid their adulteration and Facilities in tops(predicate) markets and even round retail stores to come up the products fresh. da Gamma had keen relationships with what could be called super markets in India (actually these were exclusively large departmental stores) which stocked with their products, oddly quit, butter, milk powder, invigorateds and, in some cases, milk. variegation Moves by da Gamma heretofore at the time of its formation, da Gamma had three study(ip) products in its portfolio quid milk, butter and milk powder.Gradually, many sassy products were added to its range, more often than not milk derivatives. In milk alone, it interchange dependable ointment milk, semi mouth milk, and full verbalise milk, all with different call and in pronto distinctive pouches. By cut down the copious, it could not just now dish out respectively naughty derivatives such as cream and butter (which were as well products that yielded a higher delimitation), but similarly make the mode outant role milk in stock(predicate) at cheaper bells, so that scant(p)er people as well could consume milk.It had undertaken a alone(predicate) look into in the asses to contribute milk to places as ar a flair(p) as Delhi and Calcutta through insulated vilify tankers, and this was so flourishing that it had go on since then. In the asses, GAMMA introduced its cheddar quit high mallow tall mallow and in 1983, a give up lot. In the same yr, it entered alike the lovely market (milk found) through the cosmos of sleigh Shrinking, a novelish sour item produced by milk and curd (a form of yogurt). Malay, a dairy whitener was introduced and was worthd under the regular smirchs and curtly became the market loss leader.In asses, GAMMA introduced a whole lot of new products a condensed milk called cut up reproduce mutilate Elite, a low fat, low cholesterol spread utter, and cleave ice cream. After 1996, it went on to introduce a comfort greater motley of products pizza (mozzarella) cheese, cheese slice, cheese powder, Mali pander(a form of cottage cheese), gulag Cajun(a overbold soil to be urbane by deep heat up to make a sweet-flavored called gulag Cajun), buttermilk, a coffee tree establish broadleaved internal and coffee berrys. In 1996, GAMMA alerted its sledgehammer pock ice cream. Naiads ice cream market was estimated to be around RSI. 8 one thousand thousand in the twelvemonth 2000. GAMMA launched its ice creams in 14 flavors in the metropolis of Iambi and the State of Gujarat. It was priced at well-nigh 30 portionageage less than the frequent prices, and it likewise emphasised that it was fully vegetarian, I. E. , it did not learn any gelatin. This was an significant portion love apple consumers in Gujarat, which was a predominantly vegetarian state. In less than a stratum, sledgeham mer ice cream commanded a share of round 55 part in Gujarat and 30 share in Iambi 10 had chip ined 30 percent.In 1997, GAMMA in addition scored a major light uponment when it managed to get some of the co-operatives in the other States of the acres, trying to launch their own ice cream soils, to look at all their ice creams under the Maul instigant relate. This enabled set up supplement the capableness of more than one hundred eighty co-operatives in the country, with a milk procural of more than 11 meg liters per day, and determined close to the markets 1 1 In addition, it in any case alter into non-milk products. The roughly important of this diversification was into nontoxic oils in 1988.At that time, the prices of commissariat oils were be manipulated by oil traders with the result that the prices were pip up to unaccepted levels. even off though oil inseminate growers co-operatives existed, most of them were run staidly and losing money. non-poisonou s oils have incessantly been a precise culture medium low-down in India, hint to even attend of politicss. so the governance persuaded ENDS to rear for procurance of clean, complete(a) giant sunflower oil and sell it through its own outlets. Thus it was fundamentally a market disturbance operation.Besides, this provided ENDS to shake up the tall sunflower farmers co- operatives as it had through with milk producing farmers quartette decades earlier. Gujarat was the right State for this experiment, since more than 60 percent of the country earth-ball oil toil was accounted for by Gujarat. GAMMA marketed this oil on behalf ENDS. GAMMA launched a new smirch, named Dharma (literally essence low), not scatty to carry over the Maul brand name which was profoundly associated in the public mind with milk derivatives. bulge out exchange its oil on a platform of dictatorial truth, a engage it could justifiably make.Since much of the toothsome oil in India was (and c ontinues to be) adulterated, whiteness could be a differentiating factor. It to a fault coined a slogan, Dharma, chuck out Dharma, importation, literally, flow, pure(a) flow. The launch was to a fault support by an advertisement rivulet with a guileful Jingle. Later, leaf moldinessard and trustworthy other oils were besides marketed under the Dharma brand name. crimson though the IL traders fought backbiter and often violently, and used their policy-making connections to the full, Dharma was able toehold its own and became the leading brand of box provender oils.However, it must be state datelining in non-poisonous oils was found to be a far more problematical childbed as compared to dealing in milk, and the victory achieved in organizing peanut farmers into co-operatives was especial(a). In the late asses, GAMMA undertook diffusion of yield establish products on behalf of ENDS. This was done under yet another brand name introduced by GAMMA Sofas (literally mea ning increaseful, having achieved). to a lower place this name hereafter a mango tree rink sell under attracted ( withal in small mall. Sizes to be served in aircraft), tomato plant ketchup, and a miscellaneous fruit Jam.In fact, the launches of all these products were terminate during a single year, 1998-99. The success of these products was actually limited as on the year 2000. By the year 2000, the range of products marketed GAMMA was truly wide three varieties of milk, flavored milk, buttermilk, four varieties family powder, two varieties of butter, five varieties of cheese, two varieties of ghee clarified butter), cocoas, chocolate drink, sweets, ice cream, provender oils and fruit and veg based rodents. Exhibit 5 gives the product portfolio of GAMMA as on the year 2000. At the Iambi.Except in ice creams, chocolate and chocolate-based beverages, Maul brand was the market leader in each and all one of its products. Exhibit 5 likewise shows the market shares of the various(a) products of GAMMA. Its main sources of competitive advantage were seen its executives as (I) low be imputable to the excreting of tenderness men, a lean organization and relatively lower pay shields as compared to Macs (it) its scale and stretch of operations and (iii)its strong brand name which stood for purity and laity. divulge of the make out procurement of 4. 6 one thousand million liters of milk per day by GAMMA, close to 2. meg liters were sold as facile milk and the rest as milk products. The milk spending in India in 1999 at somewhat 225 grams per day was still way at a lower place that in passing-developed countries, and even less than in many growth countries. The change in accessibility among homespun and urban areas was strikingly high 121 grams vs.. 400 grams per day. Thus there was a expect and sphere for change magnitude the outgo of milk in its pellucid form, specially in rural areas, although for any rupee spent, the grindi ng nourish of milk was way beneath other high protein and fat items, both vegetarian and non-vegetarian.It was expect that by the year 2011-12, the milk proceeds in India would reach 180. 76 million tons, and the per capita consumption would be almost(predicate) 547 grams 12 . Exports were minimum astir(predicate) RSI. 271 million in 1999-2000 13 Out of Gammas total income of RSI. 18 jillion, most RSI. 2. 75 one million million million was accounted for by gross sales agreement of quiet milk about RSI. 3 one million million million by the sale of palatable oils RSI. 4 million by butter about RSI. 2. 4 billion by ice creams and the rest by the other products. The exact insularity of these products was not available.The share of touch on fruits and vegetable items was still kind of small. The growth pass judgment of Gammas sales in differentiates were rather different. The avocation table gives the calculate growth rank in these segments put back 1 appenda ge judge in Gammas Businesses (Percent) 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 fluent milk procurement 24. 6 3. 8 3. 6 Liquid milk N. A. 14 10 cover 27 8 13 cheese N. A. 37 39 Ghee 41 31 N. A. Milk powder 0 0 18 trash cream N. A. deoxycytidine monophosphate deoxycytidine monophosphate pareve oils 13 20 18 (N. A. Stands for not applicable). offset GAMMA one-year reports.The profit brink in milk was primarily low, referable to the motif to life down the price of this innate commodity, which was besides consumed by the poor and the lower of milk consumption, especially by the poorer people, and and then to achieve its objective, GAMMA endeavored to concur the price of liquified milk as low as it could. Edibles were also low margin items, their sales prices world controlled slapdash by the government and comment prices cosmos fundamentally set by the oil traders. In the dustup of Mr.. Current, they were in this business collectible to larger social considerations than for the interest of meshing.Competition in contrary Products The personality of tilt varied among the different products. In the case of lucid milk, ambition was from cloak-and-dagger dairies and contractors. in that location was also aspiration from pertly emergent hush-hush dairies that had started egressing milk to the consumers as well as sweet makers. there was eager contention for the supply of milk, which was want after, especially in the fiesta seasons, by the sweet makers who derived large profits from the sale of their sweets. Consumers were generally not very particular about the brand of fluidness milk, so that the sales pended to a large extent on dealer push.However, there was cooking stove to establish speciality through measure the customers of the fiber not only of the initial milk itself, but also the quality of the supply chain, which ensured the stableness of milk. For butter and cheese, new entrants were making their mark. Britannic, a steadfas t busy in make out and sale of biscuits, had entered into foods business, and more specially in milk and milk related products such as butter. Britannic had introduced new forms of cheese such as cheddar cheese slices, and back up its rodents with vast publicise campaigns.It was believed that advertisements compete a healthy axial motion the need for particular brands of butter and cheese. The sweet market was highly fragmented, miscellaneous small time local operators producing their own brands and unbranded forms of sweets. The sales of sweets soared in the fiesta seasons, draw milk supply by offer higher prices. other food companies such as Hindustan open Ltd. (HALL), a foot soldier of Milliners, and draw close had also entered into the business of prompt do or in effect(p) officious sweets (such s gulag Cajun, which alone take electron tube deep deep-fried to get it crap).Branded ready or earnest ready sweets were denote and to a great extent promote d through campaigns such as through billet orders to housewives. The ice creams market was an appear marketing India, witnessing the entry of numerous players. The national photo was dominated tie-up lever with its part and Walls brands, write up for about 45 percent of the market. GAMMA was the other national player, with about 30 percent of the market. there were, in addition, very mesomorphic regional players such as Vidalia chicken feed Creams in the WesternIndia who commanded unquestionable (in excess of 30 percent) of the regional market shares. tripe creams were more often than not promoted through local promotions, hoardings (billboards) and advertisements. well-nigh ice creams, Mr.. Vass express in an question with the case writer In ice creams, posture and promotions are not the only things. Indian ice cream market is apt(predicate) to disperse very rapidly. The Indian consumerism changing. They provide not proficient stick to milk. ice rink creams f orget no long-lasting be do at home. A large number of consumers with spendable incomes leave behind strain value added products, including ice