Language Theories free essay sample

Examines ideas of Ferdinand de Saussure, Jacques Lacan Sigmund Freud related to linguistic, psychological semiotic interpretations of the individual culture. The purpose of this research is to examine the theories of Ferdinand de Saussure, Jacques Lacan, and Sigmund Freud as they relate to linguistic, psychological, and semiotic interpretations of the individual and of the culture as a whole. The plan of the research will be to set forth a summary of Saussures theory of semiotics and the outlines of Freudian psychological theory, and then to discuss the connection between the work of Lacan and Freud in regard to analysis of human subjectivity, as well as the connection between Lacans work to linguistic theory in general and Saussurian semiotics in particular. According to Saussure, language has a dual function. One is public, or a logical and social, while the other is private, imaginative, or psychological. It is in the second manner that creative and imaginative processes may surface, including the

Heat Engine Lab Essay Example

Heat Engine Lab Essay Example Heat Engine Lab Paper Heat Engine Lab Paper Heat engine lab Intro: when an engine runs, it pumps pistons that move up and down and provide energy to the engine to it to go. These pistons move because of pressure and heat. This work done on the system is not only mechanical but its also thermodynamic. When a piston undergoes one full cycle its displacement is zero because it comes back to its resting place. This means that its net thermodynamic work to be done should also be zero, as well as its total internal energy. In order to test this experiment is setup with the purpose of verifying that the mechanical work done in ifting a mass, m, through a vertical distance, h, is equal to the net thermal dynamic work done during a cycle by a mass lifting the heat engine. If we calculate the values for thermodynamic work and mechanical work they should be the same. Once these values are calculated they will be compared to each other and the conclusion will be drawn. Analysis: Once the results were printed, some values had to be calculated and compared to one another. The first value needed was the Thermodynamic Work on the system hich was founded by the equation: With=(pi(dA2))/4*(Pb-Pa)*(hc-hb). Where d was given to be 32. 5mm, Pb and Pa where the pressures at the points B and A measured in kPA, and hb and hc are the heights of the piston at point B and C. This comes out to be: Wth= 1. 37EA-2J. Next, the mechanical work had to be calculated using the equation: Wm= mgh. Where m is the mass in kg, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the change in height from B to C. This comes out to be: Wm= 1. 47EA-2J. When compared together these values should be identical because a Joule is a Joule s a Joule and the values shouldnt change. These reigns true with this experiment because of how close these values truly are to each other. Questions: 1). The temperatures do change from B to C and from D to A 2). Yes there is thermodynamic work done from B to C which is positive, and from D to A which is negative. 3). Internal energy of the system has no change because it came back to its starting place; this also is true for the net thermodynamic work done. Conclusion: In conclusion our experiment was a success. Once the experiment was run and the esults were printed, the values for thermodynamic work and mechanical work were calculated using the previous mentioned equation. When these values were composed to each other they were extremely close in value. These numbers were supposed to be identical thus its impossible to calculated the percent error because you can divide by zero. All though the percent error cant be calculated these were still extremely close to each other which shows that the experiment was a success and the purpose was proven right. heat engine lab By nlarocco

API ( Application Programming Interface) Theory part exam as a Assignment

API ( Application Programming Interface) Theory part exam as a coursework - Assignment Example The protocol achieves this by granting third-party application access to protected content without providing the application with credentials. Oath protocol differs with the Open ID which is a federated authentication protocol (A How-to Guide to OAuth & API Security n.d). The traditional approach in client-server authentication model required a request to access protected resource on the server by the client. Authentication provided to the server through the credentials from the resource owner enabled the third party access resources. In other words, the resource owner had to share its credentials with the third party and this created several problems and limitations such as; The credentials for the resource owner like username and password had to stored by the third party for future use by the third-party Security lapses in password storage required that servers support password authentication Resource owners lacked protection from third-party applications due to unlimited access of resources Resource owners have to change third-party’s password since they cannot revoke an individual third-party. This means that all third-parties fall prey due to revocation of an individual Any compromise of third-party application leads to compromise of end-user’s username and password. This leads to unlimited and misuse of protected data by that password. This breach in security is addressed by OAuth through an authorization layer and defining the role of the resource owner and the client (third-party). According to this protocol, the third party does not use the resource owner’s credentials to access protected resources from the server but uses an access token. The access token denotes specific scope, lifetime, and other access attributes offered to the third-party clients through an authorization server and with approval from resource owner. The access token is used by the third-party to access the protected resources hosted by resource server. The thi rd-party APIs have a restricted use to service provided by HTTP as well as managing a handshake between applications. OAuth is a full API access control tool and security solution with a focus on API management such as user management, auditing, throttling, and threat detection. b. Give an assessment of the core issues surrounding identity and APIs APIs apply security approaches through identity, authentication, and authorization. Identification entails encryption of the person making an API request while authorization focuses on validating permission granted to API request users. Authentication confirms the API request users. API key is used to establish identity but not authentication of end users. Through the API key, organizations like Google maps and Yahoo can track their users and keep service volume under control. Identity service operations for API applies three types of service extensions. These are; OpenStack Identity Service Extension, HP Identity Service Extensions, and Rackspace Identity Service Extensions. The three service extensions apply the following Identity Service Concepts; User User is a digital representation of an end user, system, or service that uses API services like OpenStack cloud services. The identity validates the request made by the user claiming to make the call. The end users are facilitated by a log in and tokens to access resources with the option of a tenant provision or tenant ownership. Credentials Credentials refer to validation of data by

Kettle Mountain Mining Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kettle Mountain Mining Company - Case Study Example To be exact, as per the investment analysis, the railway project is estimated to cost (80,000,000 + 25,000,000 + 1,000,000) = 106,000,000. However, if the Federal Government accepts the company’s petition for subsidy, the share of the project cost to the Kettle mining company would be (106,000,000*0.5) = $ 53,000,000. The subsidy would help reduce the burden of the project for the company. Therefore, Dr. Rousseau should consider going public to raise the amount required for investment. Secondly, if, as is recommended, the Kettle mining Company decides to go public, the company’s capital structure must change to reflect the debt borrowed from the public through the issuance of an IPO. In that case, Dr. Rousseau, who seems to oppose the IPO option must make sacrifices and relinquish a portion of the company’s control to the new shareholders. The IPO is the best option since it provides a long-term source of funds, which is appropriate for investments such as railro ad development. It is also important to consider the fact that a loan from a bank has been negotiated at a cost of 11%. This source of finance will increase the company’s weighted cost of capital to 5.8%. Comparatively, the IPO option is better than the loan option for the reason that the loan restricts the company’s decision-making and must be called back on maturity, while the IPO can only be called back when the company goes under receivership (CMA Canada, n.d, p. 1-3). Third, currently, the company heavily relies on road and air transportation media. The cost of the road transportation during winter totals to $ 2 million and that of air transportation during the spring and summer totals to $ 3.5 million. If the project is undertaken, these costs will be avoided. In addition, the train is expected to provide transport and freight services to residents of Carlsbad and Whitehorse, which is expected to generate revenues.

The British Prime Minister Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The British Prime Minister - Essay Example Apart from that, he also has patronage elsewhere such as the appointment of junior ministers The Prime Minister also chairs a number of select committees; at present the Defence and Overseas Policy Committee, the Constitutional Reform Committee, the Intelligence Services Committee and the Northern Ireland Committee. In these committees the Prime Minister has to be very influential in the determining of policies in these committees. Another function of the Prime Minister is to represent the country internationally. The queen is Britain's head of state, but the Prime Minister is Britain's de facto representative abroad. Political instinct alone seems to dictate the American president as 'the world's most powerful man' in the sense that most powerful politician in any of the world's democratic nations. He heads the world's most modern military force and the world's largest economy. In America, the president is the best known among politicians. This by itself gives him a great deal of authority as many people within their own states cannot name their own representatives in the House, Senate or governor. The title of president gives him enormous authority and power as he is the main figurehead within the whole of the massive American political structure. The British Prime Minister, in comparison, does have the same international standing as the president. In the crisis involving Iraq, the driving force behind any move against the leadership in Baghdad has been the American president, George Bush, while the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair has been referred to as clinging onto the coat tails of Bush. Britain simply does not seem to have the international standing to overtly influence policies. Such a position does not allow the Prime Minister to drive an international agenda which the US president is capable of. In this sense, the power of the US president abroad is far greater than that of the British Prime Minister. Taking domestic politics into picture, it is pretty much a reverse case scenario. Although the president can select his own cabinet with which he can work, it has to be ratified by the Senate but it does not necessarily mean that the president might have to work with people he did not initially select for his cabinet. The Prime Minister on the other hand, has no such restrictions. He selects all those people he wants for his cabinet and can remove them if they fail to satisfy his expectations and standards. He does not require consultation and approval from anybody over this though he might discuss it with an inner circle of very close colleagues. Least of all does the Prime Minister have to have his cabinet agreed to be the House of Commons or Lords. The president is not head of his party. The British Prime Minister is not only prime minister; he is also a serving Member of Parliament and head of his party. As such, he commands huge respect within that party and does a great deal to drive the policies of that party in power. With a large parliamentary majority, it is almost certain that prime ministerial policies will eventually become the actual policy and law. He is

Breast Cancer Awareness And Assessment Health Essay

Breast Cancer Awareness And Assessment Health Essay Programme evaluation is one of the key skills required of public health professionals. Evaluating healthcare interventions is important in order to allocate resources efficiently, assist decision-making and inform policy[1].It is also important in order for programme managers to monitor progress in achieving set objectives, improving programme activities, justify need for continuity and accountability to project funders. The proposed evaluation would be carried out using the CDC framework of programme evaluation which has six steps[2].This evaluation would be somewhat pluralistic in nature as there would be an interplay of the perspectives of different groups[3].However, the dominant perspective would however be that of the policy makers-a managerial perspective[1].This evaluation would be carried out three years after the start of the programme. It would take a long time to achieve the overall programme aim, hence the need for reliance on short or intermediate indicators (Parry)cited in[4]. An evaluation working team would be set up for the proposed evaluation and a leader would be appointed. In this evaluation, the author would be the lead evaluator and would be responsible forselecting members of the evaluation team, scheduling meetingswith stakeholders, planning, and budgeting funds for the evaluation, addressing data collection needs, reporting evaluation findings, and working with consultants whose services may be required. Prioragreement would be on the reasons for carrying out the evaluation, the primary user of the evaluation findings, funding arrangements, time-line for completion of the evaluation and reporting of its findings. Engaging stakeholders The programme mainly targets postmenopausal women between 48 and 63 years as breast cancer commonly affects this population. However, the 40-47 age group would be included as early presentation occurs commonly in this population. The key stakeholders involved in the programme are the clients, the Federal Government of Nigeria, the Federal Ministry of Health, Oyo State Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Women Affairs, University College Hospital, Ibadan, programme managers, and staff. Professional associations-Nigerian Medical Association (NMA), Association of Radiologists of West Africa and the Medical Women Association ofNigeria (MWAN) -advocate for the implementation of a national breast cancer screening programme and policy which is currently non-existent[5, 6]. Other stakeholders are advocacy groups-the Genevieve Pink Ball Foundation , Breast Cancer Association of Nigeria (BRECAN),Medicines Plus; media groups-Silverbird Entertainment, Inspirational FM, City People, Genevieve mag azine, Globacom Limited-a leading telecommunications firm. The primary users of this proposed evaluation are the policy makers and the programme management.The findings would determine if the programme is worth its ‘value for money and would help inform decision on the whether the programme should be continued and if a screening policy would be implemented. The purpose of the evaluation would be made clear and agreed upon by all key stakeholders from the outset[4]. It would have been possible to develop the logic model for this evaluation using the theory of change approach with the stakeholders. Defining a theory of change which is agreed by all stakeholders can mitigate the effects of causal attribution[4].One representative would be selected from each key stakeholders group to form an evaluation working group. The stakeholders in the team would be asked about their vested interests in the programme, their expectations, and what resources they would put in during the actual implementation of the evaluation. The Ibadan-Ibarapa Breast Cancer Screening Initiative The programme was commissioned in December, 2006 in response to the growing concern for the need for early detection of breast cancer. The programme aims is to reduce incidence and mortality from breast cancer in women. Breast cancer screening is a secondary prevention programme that takes the form of physical examination using in combination with radiographic techniques-mammography. Health needs assessment using the epidemiological approach conducted prior to the implementation of the programme revealed that breast cancer is the most common cause of female cancer deaths in Nigeria. Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women globally[7] and in Nigeria [5, 8-11].It accounts for the greatest proportion of cancer deaths in women in Nigeria. Previous surveys showed a rising prevalence in breast cancer in Nigeria from 33.6 per 100,000 in 1992[12] to 116 per 100,000 in 2001[5].A retrospective review of hospital-diagnosed cases of cancer revealed 1,216 cases over a four-year period with breast cancer accounting for 13.9% of the cases[11] .Differences exist between the aggressiveness and survival rates in Nigerian women when compared to other populations[13, 14]. The mean age at presentation is 48 years[5]. The average age at menopause of Nigerian women is 48 years[15, 16]. The intervention targeted at women between 40 and 64 years as early presentation-before menopause-has been observed to be the dominant pattern in this population. There is generally a low level of awareness and knowledge of early detection breast cancer among Nigerian women [8, 10, 17-19].Despite the burden, there is currently no national policy or programme for early breast cancer detection[5, 18]. There is a high mortality from breast cancer in Nigeria. This is because most present for treatment late[18, 20-22] and tumours are more aggressive, responding poorly to medical treatment[23].Cultural factors and religious influences also affect health seeking behaviours with some detected cases seeking healing from lay or traditional practitioners. Risk factors for developing breast cancer include age at menopause, at age at first live birth and parity, history of   first-degree relative with breast cancer[24]and smoking. Research evidence supports that early detection of breast cancer leads to improved outcomes. Surveys investigating the knowledge, attitudes and practice of female health care workers showed that with the exception of physicians, there are gaps in knowledge of the risks of breast cancer and low practice of early detection methods [6, 25]. The activities being carried out in this programme are: Breast cancer seminars and workshops for nurses, physicians, community health workers, public health nurses and health promotion specialists in order to increase their knowledge of breast cancer risks and change their attitudes towards screening practices Clinical Breast Examination (CBE) trainings using breast models -donated by the University of Chicago Medical Centre-in order to enhance clinical skills in breast lump detection. Breast cancer education workshops and lectures for postmenopausal women and teaching skills in Breast Self Examination (BSE) to increase their knowledge of the benefits of early detection of breast cancer and to change their attitudes and beliefs on breast cancer Counselling sessions by breast cancer survivors who are volunteers trained to help motivate women in utilising the screening service and reassurance that the benefit of screening outweighs any discomfort felt during the mammography procedure Distribution of IEC (Information, education and communication) materials breast cancer facts leaflets and posters to increase knowledge of breast cancer risks and the benefits of early detection Media campaigns through paid and unpaid advertisements in newspapers and magazines widely read by women; radio jingles in English and the local dialect; role plays on television by volunteers; health promotion messages on television aired in English and Yoruba languages Provision of free Clinical Breast Examination (CBE) and free mammography screening to postmenopausal women between ages 40 to 63 years Funding is mainly from the Federal Government with equal support from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and the Genevieve Pink Ball Foundation. Shortage of health care staff and inadequately trained staff contribute to mortality from breast cancer. Cultural and religious beliefs also influence cancer health-seeking behaviours. There is increasing interest in cancer issues and many agencies are getting involved in breast cancer awareness activities. Focusing the evaluation design Evaluation design and perspective taken by an evaluation depends on who the primary user of the evaluation is[1].The proposed evaluation takes the managerial perspective[1]. The primary users of this evaluation are the programme managers and the policy makers (health systems). At this stage of the programme, three years after its implementation, it is inappropriate to make judgement based on the achievement of long-term outcomes. It will thus assess the changes in the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of the clients concerning breast cancer and the utilisation of the screening service. Purpose of the evaluation In future, evaluating the programme would determine if the breast cancer awareness programme and screening leads to a reduction in incidence and mortality from breast cancer in women aged 40-63 years .The proposed evaluation would carried out in order for policy makers to decide the effectiveness of the programme in promoting health i.e. to evaluate the effectiveness of breast cancer screening as a public health policy; to make decisions about continuity of the service in light of its cost-effectiveness in the face of other healthcare needs competing for funds and to assist in policy making and implementation [4]of a national breast cancer screening programme. It would also assist the programme manager in judging fidelity of implementing the programme activities. The main evaluation questions to be dealt with can be thus can be summarised as follows: Effectiveness-‘Is the programme working as intended? i.e.is it achieving the objectives it set out in its mandate? Efficiency- ‘Are the programme activities being produced with minimal use of resources? The proposed evaluation would use the Before-After (Type 3) evaluation approach[1] in assessing the effectiveness of the programme in producing the change in knowledge, attitudes and behaviour that would ultimately lead to achievement of the programmes goal of reducing the incidence and mortality from breast cancer. This evaluation needs to be carried out in a relatively short period and funding for the evaluation is limited. While true randomised controlled trials are said to be the gold standard for evaluation[26], they would be unethical; expensive to conduct and take a really long time to complete. The main problem with this before-after design is the issue of causal attribution- that the results may not be conclusive in proving that the outcomes are as a result of the programme activities[1].The opinions and inputs of the key stakeholders would also be taken into account at this stage[27].Stakeholders opinion would be sought on how the evaluation would be funded ,how long it wo uld be carried out for and what the reasonable level of achievement should be. The number of years the programme has been in existence would help set the standard against which progress is monitored. Gathering credible evidence-Data collection The mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods would be used in data collection.Observational methods would be used in collecting some primary data for the evaluation as there are few existing databases from which the relevant information for the evaluation can be obtained. Green and South stress that selecting methods for measuring outcomes of health promotion programmes should be based on concern for â€Å"reliability, validity, suitability for purpose, feasibility, consistency with the values and methods of working of the project and appropriateness for use with various groups†[4].Although validity is recognised as being very important in selecting the indicators for evaluation, practical feasibility should also be put into consideration[4]. McNamara fallacy-‘making the measurable important rather than the important measurable. Change in the knowledge, attitudes and practice of healthcare workers would be assessed using a structured self-administered questionnaire placed in the staff pigeon holes at the teaching hospital where the programme activities are carried out. The questionnaire would be pre-tested prior to its use for the evaluation. Pertinent questions would reflect social and demographic characteristics of the respondents, level of knowledge about breast cancer, risk factors for its development, symptoms, screening methods known as well as their individual practice of breast self examination (BSE) and screening using mammography as appropriate. The questions would be closed and pre-coded responses would be included in the questionnaire as these are quick to analyse[28].Careful attention would be paid to the wording of the questionnaire and how the information is coded during its design in order to ensure its reliability and validity. The healthcare workers would be sampled using the stratified ran dom sampling technique based on age and gender. Responses would be anonymised to reduce the chances of reporting bias. The number of healthcare workers would be determined from the training register kept by the programme monitoring and evaluation staff and it can be estimated from the survey in the absence of fidelity in the recording of programme activities. In order to assess if the healthcare workers have developed the appropriate clinical competence in Clinical Breast Examination (CBE).Participants would be observed carrying out the examinations. A hospital researcher skilled in ethnographic methods would be called upon to engage in this aspect of the evaluation. The limitation of this method of investigation is that observer bias is an issue to contend with and the method is not objective[28].To limit observer bias, a different observer would also assess the trained participants-inter-observer comparison[28].The contribution of the Hawthorne effect-a reactive effect which produces bias- is also a limitation worth noting [28].If healthcare staff are aware that they are being studied, they strive to demonstrate that they have the required level of competence in carrying out the breast examination. Changes in the knowledge, attitudes, and practice of screening in the clients would also follow the before-after method of investigation. Study participants would be randomly selected from the community. Informed consent would be ensured before data collection. Data would be obtained using structured pre-coded questionnaires with allowance for open-ended questions delivered via face-to-face interviews trained interviewers. The interviewers would trained on the social skills of establishing good rapport with people in order to reduce potential bias[28].Information obtained would include socio-demographic variables- age, marital status, level of education, religion, occupation-potential risk factors for developing breast cancer-family history of breast cancer, parity, duration of breast-feeding age at onset of menstruation, age at menopause-knowledge of screening methods-Breast Self Examination(BSE),Clinical Breast Examination(CBE) and mammography and on utilisation of screening servic es[29].Barriers to accessing service can also be explored. Mailed questionnaires would have taken less time and would be cheaper to administer but consideration is given to the fact that most people in this community do not have mailing addresses and the literacy level is generally low. Justifying conclusions Data collected from the surveys would be analysed using appropriate tests with statistical software. The main exposure variables of interest the educational component of the programme and the physician skills training in Clinical Breast Examination(CBE) while the main outcome of interest is the utilisation of mammography as a screening service. Secondary variables of interest are the media campaigns, healthcare workers training, Clinical Breast Examination Other factors that would be explored would be the effect of some key demographic characteristics like age, ethnicity, and level of education on the utilisation of the mammography service. In conducting the analysis, adjustment would be made for potential confounding by other influences. The before-after status of the women receiving the educational programme would be compared. For the uptake of mammography as a screening method comparison before and after status would also be compared as though a few other mammography centres exist, none is currently running a similar awareness programme that may qualify its use as a non-random control. The overall results obtained would be compared with the set standards as outlined in the programme objectives or in the absence of this, what was agreed upon at the stakeholders meeting as a measure of success Ensuring use of the evaluation findings The findings would be put together as a draft after representing the data in well-presented graphs and tables as appropriate and circulate among the stakeholders. After reviewing the draft with the stakeholders, the results would be disseminated widely in the hospital journals, as a government publication, in women magazines and other publications as defined by the stakeholders. The results obtained are expected to help inform the development and implementation of a national breast screening policy and programme. Quality assessment There are a number of frameworks that have been developed for investigating the quality of healthcare services[30]. The Maxwells framework would be used for assessing the quality of the screening service. Maxwells conceptualisation of health care quality is organised around the following six dimensions[31]: Access to services-accessibility in terms of time ,distance and location of services, language and other cultural barriers Relevance to need (for the whole community) Effectiveness (for individual patients) Equity (fairness) Social acceptability(cultural competence) Efficiency and economy. Effectiveness The effectiveness of mammography as a screening method has been proven to be beneficial by some studies. A case-control study reported a 50% reduction in mortality from breast cancer using mammography hence supporting its efficacy[32].A recent case control study also demonstrated similar results[33]. Collette et alevaluated a breast cancer screening programme using different methodologies and found that early detection using mammography reduced mortality in the 50-64 age groups[34]. Though a previous meta-analysis demonstrated no benefit to women in the 40-49 age group[35],the well cited Swedish trials have however suggested the need for screening in this age group. Efficiency and economic evaluation This would answer the evaluation question: ‘are we making the best use of limited resources? The economic evaluation of this programme would take the managerial standpoint to answer the policy makers question on if it is the best ‘value for money. It is important in making resource allocation decisions[4]. The overall summary of the programme can be succinctly stated as: Activities- breast cancer education workshops, lectures, and seminars, Clinical Breast Examinations (CBE) for healthcare workers distribution of information leaflets and posters, media campaigns, mammography. Outputs-Number of educational sessions held, number of healthcare workers trained, no of women reached by educational programme, number of women counselled, number of women screened, and number of IEC materials distributed Outcomes -increased awareness and knowledge of breast cancer risks and screening methods (short-term outcome) -increased awareness of early detection (intermediate outcome) -increase in uptake of breast cancer screening (behaviour change) Goal-reduction in incidence and mortality from breast cancer (long term impact) Accessibility, equity, relevance, and acceptability The issue of accessibility and social acceptability would be addressed in the questionnaire survey of clients after the intervention.Relevance to need was initially addressed in the epidemiological needs assessment prior to programme implementation. In further evaluating the need for the programme with respect to the community, focus group discussions with carefully selected members of the community would be held. Members of women groups who are opinion leaders in the community would be involved in these interviews. This technique enables the evaluator explore in-depth views on how social, cultural, religious, and other barriers that affect the uptake of screening service. However, they are time-consuming; data is difficult to analyse; confidentiality is compromised and interviewer bias is a key issue[28]. References Ovretveit, J., Evaluating health interventions : an introduction to evaluation of health treatments, services, policies and organizational interventions. 1998, Buckingham: Open University Press. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Framework for Program Evaluation in Public Health.   1999   [cited 2010 7 February]; Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/eval/framework.htm. Naidoo, J. and J. Wills, Evaluation in health promotion, in Foundations for health promotion. 2005, Baillià ¨re Tindall Edinburgh. Green, J. and J. South, Key Concepts for Public Health Practice: Evaluation. 2006, Maidenhead: Open University Press. Adesunkanmi, A.R.K., et al., The severity, outcome and challenges of breast cancer in Nigeria. The Breast, 2006. 15(3): p. 399-409. Akhigbe, A. and V. Omuemu, Knowledge, attitudes and practice of breast cancer screening among female health workers in a Nigerian urban city. BMC Cancer, 2009. 9(1): p. 203. Ferlay, J., et al., Global Burden of Breast Cancer. Li C et al. Breast Cancer Epidemiology, Springer Science, 2008. Okobia, M., et al., Knowledge, attitude and practice of Nigerian women towards breast cancer: A cross-sectional study. World journal of surgical oncology, 2006. 4(1): p. 11. Okobia, M.N. and U. Osime, Clinicopathological Study of Carcinoma of the Breast in Benin City. African Journal of Reproductive Health / La Revue Africaine de la SantÃÆ' © Reproductive, 2001. 5(2): p. 56-62. Adebamowo, C.A. and O.O. Ajayi, Breast cancer in Nigeria. West African Journal of Medicine, 2000. 19(3): p. 179-91. Nggada, H.A., et al., Breast Cancer Burden in Maiduguri, North Eastern Nigeria. The Breast Journal, 2008. 14(3): p. 284-286. Ihekwaba, F.N., Breast cancer in Nigerian women. British Journal of Surgery, 1992. 79(8): p. 771-775. Ikpatt, O.F., et al., Breast cancer in Nigeria and Finland: epidemiological, clinical and histological comparison. Anticancer Research, 2002. 22(5): p. 3005-12. Huo, D., et al., Population Differences in Breast Cancer: Survey in Indigenous African Women Reveals Over-Representation of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2009. 27(27): p. 4515-4521. Okonofua, F.E., A. Lawal, and J.K. Bamgbose, Features of menopause and menopausal age in Nigerian women. International Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics, 1990. 31(4): p. 341-345. OlaOlorun, F. and T. Lawoyin, Age at menopause and factors associated with attainment of menopause in an urban community in Ibadan, Nigeria. Climacteric, 2009. 12(4): p. 352 363. Okobia, M., et al., Knowledge, attitude and practice of Nigerian women towards breast cancer: A cross-sectional study. World journal of surgical oncology, 2006. 4: p. 1 9. Oluwatosin, O.A. and O. Oladepo, Knowledge of breast cancer and its early detection measures among rural women in Akinyele Local Government Area, Ibadan, Nigeria. BMC Cancer, 2006. 6(1): p. 271. Odusanya, O.O., Breast cancer: knowledge, attitudes, and practices of female schoolteachers in Lagos, Nigeria. Breast J, 2001. 7(3): p. 171-5. Ezeome, R.E., Delays in presentation and treatment of breast cancer in Nigeria. J Clin Oncol (Meeting Abstracts), 2009. 27(15S): p. 1527-. Ekanem, V.J. and J.U. Aligbe, Histopathological types of breast cancer in Nigerian women: a 12-year review (1993-2004). African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2006. 10(1): p. 71-5. Ukwenya, A., et al., Delayed treatment of symptomatic breast cancer: The experience from Kaduna, Nigeria. South African Journal of Surgery, 2008. 46(4): p. 106. Gukas, I.D., et al., Clinicopathological features and molecular markers of breast cancer in Jos, Nigeria. West African Journal of Medicine, 2005. 24(3): p. 209-13. Negri, E., et al., Risk factors for breast cancer: pooled results from three Italian case studies. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1988. 128(6): p. 1207-1215. O. Odusanya, O.O.T., Olumuyiwa, Breast Cancer Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice among Nurses in Lagos, Nigeria. Acta Oncologica, 2001. 40(7): p. 844-848. Black, N., Why we need observational studies to evaluate the effectiveness of health care. BMJ, 1996. 312(7040): p. 1215-1218. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and revention. Office of the Director, O.o.S.a.I., Introduction to program evaluation for public health programs: A self-study guide 2005: Atlanta, GA. Bowling, A., Research methods in health:investigating health and health services. 2002, Buckingham: Open University Press Akhigbe, A.O. and V.O. Omuemu, Knowledge, attitudes and practice of breast cancer screening among female health workers in a Nigerian urban city. BMC Cancer, 2009. 9: p. 203. Gray, S., The contribution of health services to public health, in Public Health for the 21st Century:new perpectives on policy,practice and participation, J. Orme, et al., Editors. 2007, Open University Press: Maidenhead. Maxwell, R., Quality assessment in health. British Medical Journal, 1984. 288(6428): p. 1470-1. Walter, S.D., Mammographic screening: case-control studies. Annals of Oncology, 2003. 14(8): p. 1190-1192. Puliti, D., et al., Effectiveness of service screening: a case-control study to assess breast cancer mortality reduction. British Journal of Cancer, 2008. 99(3): p. 423-427. Collette, H.J., et al., Further evidence of benefits of a (non-randomised) breast cancer screening programme: the DOM project. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 1992. 46(4): p. 382-386. Kerlikowske, K., et al., Efficacy of Screening Mammography: A Meta-analysis. JAMA, 1995. 273(2): p. 149-154.

A Voice From The South Essay examples -- essays research papers

Anna J. Cooper – A Voice from the South   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In her book, A Voice from the South, Anna J. Cooper expressly addresses two issues: the participation of women in American society and America’s race problem. These are two issues very close to Cooper as an African American woman herself and she claims to speak for all African American women on these points. She argues that for America to be a truly democratic country that has freedoms for all people, it must have participation by women and blacks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first half of her book is concerned with the role of women in society. She compares a healthy family structure to a democratic society. In both cases, men and women have distinct roles they must fulfill in order to create a balanced, healthy environment. Since political participation for women was limited at the time of Cooper’s writing, she argued that not only were women suffering, but so was all of society. She argued that women’s sensitivity to emotion and intuition and their nurturing nature would balance out society that was controlled by aggressive and reason-oriented men. She argues that men and women are equals but their responsibilities to society are distinctive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the second half of her book, Cooper addresses America’s race problem. She argues that, yes, there is a problem concerning race in America and the only way that it will eventually be solved is by the power and grace of God. U...

Critical period in language development Essay

The concept of a critical period is well in nature. In human beings there seems to be a critical for the first language acquisition. Research shows that any human who is not exposed to any language before puberty, becomes completely unable to the syntax of their first language later in life. From my personal experience I have learnt that any individual who learns their first language at infancy and later (at puberty) gets to move from their motherland to foreign land where no one speaks their language, no matter how long these individuals stay from home they can never forget their mother tongue. Accent may change but they will always remember their first language Here is another practical example to prove that there is a critical period in language development. I happen to be living in Africa; my bosses are Italians (man and wife) they have had to learn English and Kiswahili for easy communication with the locals. They have a five year old baby. When the baby is with her parents they always speak in their first language; when she is left behind with the nanny she is spoken to in Kiswahili all the time. The nanny knows no other language apart from her mother tongue and Kiswahili. This baby has been looked after by this same nanny since she was born. At the age of three a teacher from America was employed to teach this girl. She knew no other language but English. Now look at this closely; the baby is now very fluent in two languages; her first one Italian and her second one; Kiswahili. She is so fluent that she corrects her parents on it! She seems to be doing just fine in English for the last two years she has been taught. Interestingly her teach who is very interested in learning Kiswahili asks her enough times to translate to her in English what has been said in Kiswahili by colleagues. I would say that all depends with the stage at which the language was introduced to an individual. The stage in life. †¢ Kiswahili is a language for the East African state and some of the West African.

Kldjsl;fkjasd

You need talent, luck, and persistence. Pick any two if you want to be successful. Whether you are a basketball coach or player, you can reach your (realistic) goals and achieve a high level of success with Just two of those three. Don't believe me? Let's take a look†¦ Talent To some degree, what most people refer to as talent, Is nothing more than passion. If you love to do something†¦ you will do it every chance you can. And the more you do it, the better you get.Now obviously there are several uncontrollable factors that determine someone's ultimate talent and success on the basketball court (height, athleticism, etc. ), but in many instances, talent comes from non-stop, obsessive practice. I have never met a lethal shooter who didn't practice all of the time†¦ who dldnt shoot thousands and thousands of shots every single week. Being a talented shooter is 100% controllable. There is no debate that Kevin Durant was born with numerous physical gifts. But so are a lot of people.So how come KD Is an NBA All-Star and 3-tlme NBA leading scorer nd other 69†³ guys never get chance to play past college? Because KD has an unparalleled passion for basketball and he works on his craft every single day. The same can be said for Grelvls Vasquez of the New Orleans Hornets. I met Grelvls the day he got to the united States (from Venezuela) in 2005. He spoke very little English and weighed 150 lbs. Now he plays in the NBA. How is that possible? He made himself talented by working on his game every single day. Same goes for coaching.Who are some of the most talented coaches in college basketball? Coach K? Tom Izzo? Do you have any idea how much time and effort those guys have put into their coaching skill sets? They love the game of basketball and work relentlessly at becoming the best they can be. Talent is the ability to make the most of what you have with where you are. Luck Honestly, I don't believe in luck. I think unsuccessful people use luck as an e xcuse I believe luck is when preparation meets opportunity. I love the quote, â€Å"the harder you work, the luckier you get. There is so much truth to that statement. So that means, in rder to be lucky, you need to be well prepared when opportunity knocks. Do you even know how to prepare? Players, what do your daily workouts consist of? Do you Just Jack up 300 shots or do you take game shots, from game spots, at game speeds? Do you practice ball handling drills looking down at the ball or do you force yourself to look up (even though you may lose the ball initially)? Do you visualize a defender in front of you when making moves to the basket or do you Just do the drill?Do you have a solid strength & conditioning foundation or do you Just play pick-up? Equally important, are you a great teammate? Are you the type of player other players like to play with and coaches like to coach? Trust me†¦ you'll be a lot luckier if you are! Coaches, do you Just study the X's and O's or do y ou work on communication and leadership? Do you put all of your focus on your out-of-bounds plays or do you spend time learning how to most effectively communicate wltn every memoer 0T your program? Do you relnTorce great work habits with your players 365 days a year?Do you read, watch film, and network with other coaches? I realize many resources cost money†¦ camps, clinics, DVDs, and trainers, which can me a limiting factor for some. However there are numerous resources that don't (like this blog or my YouTube channel). Find them. Use them. If you want to be lucky, you need â€Å"to be in the right place at the right time. † Instead of waiting for that to happen, you need to make an effort to create real value in every place you go and every person you come in contact with. When opportunity knocks, will you be prepared to answer?Persistence This one is pretty obvious. Don't give up on anything you cant go a day without thinking about it. Never quit. Keep practicing. Ke ep working. Most people think they are persistent, but in reality, they give up after a couple of â€Å"no's† or a few minor failures. Be too stubborn to quit. Don't be so pigheaded you won't try to new approaches or make adjustments along the way†¦ Just don't quit. Ever. My twin sons, Luke ; Jack, are 2 h years old. They have an unyielding persistence. They don't stop until they get what they want! They are relentless and they don't take no for answer.While that has certainly caused me some grey hairs, I hope it is a quality they never out grow. If they apply the same persistence to the game of basketball as they do to wanting to be fed†¦ they will indeed be McDonalds All-Americans in 2028! Bottom line is this. If you want to be successful, on the court, or in anything in life.

Free Essays on Cat On A Hot Tin Roof - Mendacity

Discuss the roles of â€Å"mendacity† or various characters’ crutches in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. Lies and Mendacity run rampant in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. They help keep the play going and keep it interesting. The play shows us the lies that people tell themselves and other instead of the truth that is hard to accept but must be said. The entire family is involved with lies to Big Daddy and Big Momma, as are the doctors. They tell them that Big Daddy does not have cancer, but only a spastic colon. Brick lies to himself about his feelings for Skipper until Big Daddy forces him to face it. He then understands that he is upset about the way his clean friendship has been misinterpreted. Gooper and Mae pretend to be loving and doting children, when in fact all they want is money and land. Big Mama lies to herself, think all the cruel things Big Daddy says are just jokes. She also lies to herself by thinking that a child from Maggie and Brick would turn Brick into a non-drinking, family man qualified to take over the family place. Big Daddy is even wrapped up in the mendacity. He admits to Brick that he is tired of letting all the lies. He has lied for years about his feelings for his wife, his son Gooper and his daughter-in-law Mae, he says he loves them, when in fact he can’t stand any of them. Maggie, who seem s to tell close to the truth the entire play, breaks down and lies about her pregnancy. Sometimes the lies are not even lies; they are just seen to be that. Big Daddy thinks that Big Momma is scheming to take over the place, when in fact she really does love him. He only sees this as a lie because of his feelings toward her. Brick seems to feel them same way about Maggie, and is surprised in the end when Maggie declares her love for him. Big Daddy and Brick are perhaps the only two that do not lie to each other. During their heart-to-heart Big Daddy says, â€Å"then there is at least two people that never lied to each ot... Free Essays on Cat On A Hot Tin Roof - Mendacity Free Essays on Cat On A Hot Tin Roof - Mendacity Discuss the roles of â€Å"mendacity† or various characters’ crutches in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. Lies and Mendacity run rampant in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. They help keep the play going and keep it interesting. The play shows us the lies that people tell themselves and other instead of the truth that is hard to accept but must be said. The entire family is involved with lies to Big Daddy and Big Momma, as are the doctors. They tell them that Big Daddy does not have cancer, but only a spastic colon. Brick lies to himself about his feelings for Skipper until Big Daddy forces him to face it. He then understands that he is upset about the way his clean friendship has been misinterpreted. Gooper and Mae pretend to be loving and doting children, when in fact all they want is money and land. Big Mama lies to herself, think all the cruel things Big Daddy says are just jokes. She also lies to herself by thinking that a child from Maggie and Brick would turn Brick into a non-drinking, family man qualified to take over the family place. Big Daddy is even wrapped up in the mendacity. He admits to Brick that he is tired of letting all the lies. He has lied for years about his feelings for his wife, his son Gooper and his daughter-in-law Mae, he says he loves them, when in fact he can’t stand any of them. Maggie, who seem s to tell close to the truth the entire play, breaks down and lies about her pregnancy. Sometimes the lies are not even lies; they are just seen to be that. Big Daddy thinks that Big Momma is scheming to take over the place, when in fact she really does love him. He only sees this as a lie because of his feelings toward her. Brick seems to feel them same way about Maggie, and is surprised in the end when Maggie declares her love for him. Big Daddy and Brick are perhaps the only two that do not lie to each other. During their heart-to-heart Big Daddy says, â€Å"then there is at least two people that never lied to each ot...

Cog. Psyc wk2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cog. Psyc wk2 - Essay Example List the factors that influence attention when performing this task and why they are of influence. There will be several factors which will influence an individual undertaking writing and reading at the same time. The first of these is how effectively an individual can divide his conscious attention between these two demanding tasks (Spelke, Hirst & Neisser, 1976). This factor greatly influences the multitasking ability of an individual as it is central to his ability to perform. Another factor in terms of dual-task interference results because of the presence of a single channel bottleneck which will frequently cause a delay in the response. This influences the individuals’ performance because supposing we ask them a question while they are performing it will lead to a possible pause, delay or error in their work as they strive to respond to your question (Mei-Ching, Ruthruff, and Johnston). In terms of attention the locus of this bottleneck (asking a question) in a personâ⠂¬â„¢s information processing system can either translate into a perceptual limitation ( it takes them time to formulate a response) or response limitation ( it delays the time it takes for them to respond or they respond in a limited way by nodding or shaking their head). Then, describe three things that can be done to increase attention when engaged in the situation. The first thing that can be done to increase attention when engaged in multi tasking is by practicing the tasks in a routine. Because the brain cannot fully focus when multitasking, people take longer to complete tasks and are predisposed to error. The essence of multi tasking through practice hence unconsciously induces an element of becoming automatized in their behavior. That is, when people attempt to complete many tasks at one time they are in fact rapidly going between them (Meyer 2003). Second by extensive undertaking of the task one can bypass the central bottleneck (distracters). Studies by Spelke, Hirst, and Neisser (1976) prove that due to the formulation of a pattern in their reading while accurately transcribing spoken words subjects were able to clump the activity as if it were a single unit. Take driving for example; by the formulation of a pattern (driving the car) the individual reaches a level of automatization which enables him to multi task (drive as well at perhaps talk on the phone). Initially for a new driver the aspect of driving itself was the combination of a number of processes (shifting gears, using the brakes etc) (like a conjunctive search) until through practice he was able to see it as one unit ( kind of like a feature search). This brings us to the third aspect of the visual-search ?ndings which aim to increase attention by suggesting that certain perceptual processes can operate in parallel after practice (Spelke et al, 1976). An implantation of this visual search aspect strives to improve our ability to multitask by utilizing the aspect of task familiarity. Ref erences Mei-Ching, Ruthruff, and Johnston. Attentional Limitations in Doing Two Tasks at Once. Oregon State University, University of New Mexico, and NASA Ames Research Centre. Retrieved form: http://www.unm.edu/~ruthruff/Lien%20Ruthruff%20Johnston%20CDPS%202006.pdf Spelke, Hirst & Neisser. 1976. Learning to Multitask. Retrieved from:

Labor and The Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Labor and The Civil War - Essay Example This demands laid in the constitution went unattended since African America slavery grew once again mainly in the southern part of U.S.A. Among the major reasons for slavery reinvigoration were cotton gin discovery and its consequent spreading (Shapiro, 17). Such is the case that this machine permitted southern farmers to cultivate a variety of cotton, short staple, which thrived in the Deep South climate. Even with such an invention, the farmers still experienced another major problem with regard to removing seeds from cotton fibers. A later invention of the Eli Whitney’s gin offered solved this problem and even made it more economical. Following this, many planters in the south got attracted to cotton growing, a factor that increased labor demand. During this time, cotton growing was labor intensive, and African Americans became the main target to supply the labor. A day in the life of a slave would commonly constitute long working hours on the farm. When considering a field hand, working day would always begin just before dawn and last until the sun sets, usually with a lunch break of about two-hours. African Americans lacked control over working as they worked under strict supervision, constantly threatened with physical punishment by their supervisors. Indeed, even with the most kind hearted slave owner, the slaves still missed that very fundamental gift of every human being, â€Å"freedom† The better part of the period preceding Civil war, majority of the planters employed physical violence not only to boost productivity but also maintain labor discipline (Shapiro, 60). Certainly, the nature of work in the cotton field demanded lots of endurance and slaveholders understood this. Consequently they employed force and threats of force to persuade their slaves to endure the gruesome demands of cotton growing in the south. Colonial farmers forced their enslaved servants that included the elderly, children and pregnant