United Arab Emirates Country Profile Essay Example for Free

United Arab Emirates Country Profile EssayThe Middle eastern hemisphere stirs pursuance because of its important historical and contemporary role in global affairs. The region caught the interest of the United States only during the Second World War but the region has hosted and witnessed significant human beings events. numerous of the early civilizations emerged from the region such as the Assyrian, Babylonian, Egyptian and Sumerian civilizations. Influential religions such as Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Zoroastrianism developed in the Middle East.The region also form part of various empires, in succession, as territorial control changed from the Persian, Greek, Roman, Arab, Mongol, Tatar empires and then to the Turkish empire. The succession of empires led to the fusion of civilisations and cultures leading to various topic changes in the region and human history. (Peretz 1994) During the middle ages, Europe took interest in the Middle East in opening pilgrimage pat hs to the Holy Land by dint of the Crusades.This increased trade with Western European countries and opened contact of the Middle East with Asia. Napoleon occupied parts of Palestine in the hopes of defeating the British Indian Empire growing in Asia. These expressed recognition of the regions value as Europes gateway to the greater Asian region. czaristic Russia also moved southward in attempts to take control of Iran and Turkey. (Peretz 1994) With the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the Suez Canal trading route opened opportunities for various European countries establishing interest in the Middle East.Competing interests fuelled various wars and diplomatic conferences to settle control of the Turkish Straits. Nazi Germany also sought to gain a foothold into the Middle East and then into Asia. During the First and Second World Wars, weapons and supplies passed through the trading routes of the Middle East. In the 1940s, the Middle East gained more importance with the discovery of its vast anele reserves, particularly in the Arabian Peninsula and Iran.The Middle East gained strategic value not only for its trading routes but also for its massive oil colour resources. numerous foreign companies sought concessions to extract oil from the region. Oil exports supported the growth of industries in European countries and the United States since at least eighty percent of oil consumed in these western regions came from the Middle East. In the early 1960s, the states comprising the Arabian Peninsula and Iran produced one-quarter of the total global oil production with an unknown volume of reserves.During the Cold War, the clashing ideologic interests sought to capture the acquiescence of the Middle East, with Russia exerting pressure from the north and the United States exerting pressure from the west. (Peretz 1994) Due to these events, the Middle East became an important region in world affairs. Middle East is the regional name given by Western European states to th e block of territory located at the South Western put off of Asia, North Eastern border of Africa, and Western border of South Asia.As a collective term, Middle East is a large region comprised of the countries Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi-Arabian Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. This area, previously called Far East, is located in between the European and East Asian regions. The term also connotes countries sharing a predominantly Muslim culture. (Middle East 2007)

Media Coursework & The Simpson Essay Example for Free

Media Coursework The Simpson EssayEvaluate the extent to which The Simpsons fall out the conventions of a typical sitcom. Refer to a specific installation that you take away watched to hurt your evaluation. The Simpsons confirm to some stereotypical sitcom genre stereotypes, but ultimately subvert them by proving to dysfunctional. A sitcom is a 30 minutes programme, which contains indulge and different types of comedy. In this essay, I lead evaluate the extpismire to which the episodes The Simpsons roasting on an blustering fire Sitcoms of the past builded the ideal family always nuclear a mum, dad and kids. The dad was revereed and it had a bread winner mum-ho rehearsewife cooks and cleans with two kids, the son is mostly the clever one and the lady friend come outs in the footsteps on her mother. E. g. relinquish it to beaver and the Cosby show. Sitcoms ar popular because they relate to real people, take the Simpsons as an example, bulls eye can relate to people t hat an unorganised an lazy people glycerol trimargarate is a representation, responsible, hard functional housewife in Lisa we can relate to nerdy person and through Bart can relate to people that are not in truth clever and like skate boarding and rock music.The Simpsons consecrateing panorama starts with the backup effect which Christmas snow effect with jungle bells and at the start of the scene there are late to a special Christmas concert where they arrive there children will be singing and when they arrive we know that the parents are degenerate and Homer drives fast and hits the car at this opening scene is called The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire which we know that there will be trouble. It follows the tralatitious structure of sitcoms.It has an orientation when the family prepare for Christmas and it is going to be expensive which is the beginning of the story a complication produces problems, which makes the audience laughs when Homer doesnt Evaluate the extent t o which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U. S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They generate their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom.To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An dissonant Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T. V show intimately a family in a sitcom the main eccentric person is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to totally credit line upper/middle class familys which were white familys single, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to institutionalize black familys as well, in my judging The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past.The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An straight-from-the-shoulder Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer shore driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. borders articulation makes her goodly really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would come upon in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic modality is right it shows that they must complaint for Bart more in my suasion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting puddle for Christmas expenses.Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical sitcom. Refer to a specific episode that you have watched to support your evaluation. A sitcom is another word for situation comedy for example, Leave It to Beaver which was the first US sitcom in the 1950s. A sitcom is usually nearly a family consisting of dad, mum and two children. This is called a nuclear family. The situation or setting that the story takes place in is their home. Sitcoms are shown on TV and usually lasts for half an hour. It is a comedy and you can usually hear a live studio audience in the background.In the past, sitcoms always showed happy conventional white families who were always perfect. Dad was always the breadwinner and had a highly respectable job and the mother was always very showy and happy to stay looking after the home and children. In Leave it to Beaver the son was a high achiever like the father and the daughter wanted to be a homemaker like mum. Sitcoms have changed over time because today mothers may now have careers and dads have to have respect for their wives just as they have respect for themselves.These days family problems are not hidden and people want to see realistic life-like situations in sitcoms. However although sitcoms started to show other families like a black family in The C osby Show, they were still upper middle class. The Simpsons was the first sitcom to really show problems faced by working class families. Sitcoms are popular because all ages can watch it for fun and enjoyment charaters of all ages provide someone for everyone to identify with. The Simpsons are even more popular because as an animation they can also have other celebrity characters such a Barry White and Michael Jacson.The Simpsons episode Simpsons Roasting On An percipient Fire had an opening sequence where the title came up through snowflakes and jingly music. We hear Marge speaking to Homer saying Oh slow down Homer which shows she is worried. Homers response, We dont have time to slow down were late makes us think that he is stubborn, wanting things his way and that he doesnt think too much slightly the safety of his wife and baby. This opening sequence immediately lets us see that this family is not perfect but realistic. We can see from this episode that The Simpsons does f ollow the traditionalistic narrative structure.The audience gets orientation from not only the opening sequence but also the next couple of scenes where they were at the school Christmas performance, putting up Christmas lights and the children asking for expensive difficult presents. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U. S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom.To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T. V show about a family in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past.The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would regard in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses.Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U. S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T. V show about a family in a sitcom the main character is usually the father.I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects.Then it jumps into Homer Marge drivi ng to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical SitcomThe Simpsons are an animated U. S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T. V show about a family in a sitcom the main character i s usually the father.I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects.Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for C hristmas expenses.

Health and Socail P1 Essay Example for Free

Health and Socail P1 EssayP1 Explain potential menaces and the ill-treat that may arise from each in a health or social cargon setting Relating to the personal environmentThe physical environment is e rattlingthing that is around you, this includes 1. The building2. The air3. The temperature4. Objects5. People6. PetsThe physical environment has a huge impact on the facultys and individuals well- cosmos. The spread of Airborne contagions argon increased when the ventilation is poor, airborne infections such as colds and influenza, so it is of the essence(predicate) to birth fresh air circulating at all propagation in a health and social worry setting, especially in senior homes as older state tend to catch things more easily as do younger barbarianren. Individuals should never be in a rough drawing and should ceaselessly be warm enough. Older people, babies and people with disabilities find it harder to keep their body at an adequate temperature you should always c ater to their needs.Fumes and smoke shouldnt contaminate the air that should be clean. The ventilation should remove stale air and provide air movement. All the rooms in the environment should have key heating each should be able to be controlled to the specific temperature the individual wants.The lighting in each room should be bright enough and in a position for the individuals in the environment to read and participate in other activities. Emergency lighting should also be in place in case a light breaks or electrical problems occur it should come on if there is a power failure. When the lighting is poor is tail end clear numerous problems and is hazardous to those who are in that setting, it will affect those with a vision impairment, with people that have limited vision you should coerce sure that they are in a well-lit area.EquipmentHazards from equipment could include* Untidiness e.g. toys, equipment left in corridors on stairs or blocking fire exits. * Poor master(pr enominal)tenance, e.g. frayed wiring or broken equipment * Unsafe practice, e.g. overload sockets or trailing flexes * Lack of awareness of hazards, e.g. hot surfaces or moving parts All equipment must travel and design correctly it must be full maintained at all times. This could include fire fighting equipment, hoists and medical diagnostic equipment such as cardiogram or x-ray machines, it is very important that these are checked on a regular basis for any faults be act the individual could be wrongly diagnosed. Com shake offers and laptops at one time play as an important role in the billing indus pronounce as they do in any other aspect of work. If they are positioned in an awkward place the individual mess suffer from strain injuries, they can strain their vision if they have too much exposure to the screen, and incorrect sit down can lead to neck strain and back pains. Anything they need should be in reach or this can cause them to overstretch and this could cause a fal l.InfectionsYou should always follow policies and procedures that are put in place they are they to keep you and others around you safe. If you do not follow them you could cause unnecessary harm to you, your colleagues or individuals in your work place. Babies and older people are at a much greater risk of complications if they catch food borne infections, the incidence of MRSA in hospitals has highlighted the potentially devastating exposecomes and effects of poor personal hygiene practices and over-prescription of antibiotics. On the national statistics website it shows that the number of remnants middlemaned to MRSA in the UK from 1993 to 2006 rose to 1,625. But on the death certificates that mentioned it declined, and then in 2008 there was a fall of 23%. If the bacteria are on the skin then they can spread by touch, if it is in the nose or lungs then it can be passed on by droplet spread, by breathing or coughing over someone. But if the person is profound then when they leave hospital it can just disappear, this applies for people living with them if they are healthy special precautions dont need to be out inplace. If it gets into the bloodstream through a wound then it can cause serious illness such as1. Bone marrow infection2. Blood poisoning3. Septic shock4. Septic arthritis5. Meningitis6. Abscesses anywhere within the body7. Infection of the heart lining8. PneumoniaSubstancesThe hazardous foul up does not ensure after disposing of it as if his disposal of hazardous waste is not correct it could damage the health of all in the environment if not disposed of at all it can lead to infection and a spread of infection also. So when dealing with waste especially hazardous you has to make sure you squeeze out of it correctly.Type of waste Risk How to dispose of the waste Sharps (needles or syringes) Risk of getting an infection off a disconsolate needle All dirty needles must be out in a yellow box it can be small or large, it must be shut ers t its at its limit and it will not open once it has been closed. Clinical dressings Infection can occur Must be placed in a yellow box which must be sealed with arrangements of the collection. Body fluid (blood, urine, faeces, vomit. A risk of infection When cleaning up any of the waste you have to ensure gloves are worn it must be flushed down the toilet and then the toilet must be laveed and if it was on the floor, disinfect where the waste was. Soiled linen Another risk of infection They must be out in the special laundry bags which disintegrate when being washed. in that respect are a number of substances used in health and social care settings that are hazardous if misused. Cleaning fluids, medications and x-rays are allexamples of substances found in health and social care settings. Chemicals can cause burns to the throat and oesophagus if swallowed by accident. Care should be taken at all times when administrating medication as it could be given to the wrong person whi ch could lead to them suffering, or something as simple as the wrong dose. This type of mistake can have a devastating result for example in 2005 2 nurses miscalculated the dose of a drug needed to slow down a impair boys heart rate. He was given 10x the dose and he died.Hazardous working conditionsWorking conditions are aspects of your job, the hours that you work, the plying levels and the cater relations. Even though we have tried to improve in the quality of health and social care as a result of regular inspections there are in time with staff turnover and staff shortages this can lead to the staff rushing what they are doing with results in them ignoring the policies and procedures, this can lead to a risk of injury or accidents.Pay rates are low for early years workers and health and social care assistants, they are often only paid the minimum wage this can make people feel undervalued and make them less likely to follow policies and procedures.When there are staff shorta ges it can cause staff to be expected to do overtime, being a care worker or being in care work is physically and mentally demanding and too much of it is likely to cause staff to not perform to the best of their abilities, the more tired the staff are the more likely they are to make mistakes like miscalculating medication does, they will be less alert which could lead to them missing a sign that someone is ill. Stress is another reason of staff shortages, stress can be shown in many different ways people suffer from anxiety, sleep problems, digestive disorders, high blood pressure, and mood swings. None of these are good for a constituent of staff to be suffering with, it can lead to all sorts of problems in the health and social care setting. The vacancy rates for health and social care are higher than any other employment sectors in England, many care homes cannot recruit sufficient staff, and the shortages of staff havean impact of the quality of care given to those in the env ironment.Hazardous working practicesThe jobs you do when caring for people are called working practices. They include 1. Moving and intervention2. Preparing food3. Changing nappies4. giving injections/supervising5. Giving injections6. Supervising individuals with challenging behaviourYou should always follow the procedures correctly because if you do not you can out yourself and others at harm. Care workers still suffer injuries related to moving people they care for even despite the manual handling regulations 1992. It was reported in 2003 that 80,000 nurses sustain back injuries at work each year, one third of all reported accidents involve moving and handling. The main hazards with moving and handling are that the handler may slip or trip over, stand in an awkward position, twist and overstretch, this can cause the handler to have neck or back pain, it can cause strain, and sprain or they could fracture a bone this could happen to either the handler or individual. They could e nd up with a permanent disability.Hazardous security systems protection systems are to keep staff and individuals safe from intruders, security systems are fitted in most health and social care settings. Residential homes ordinarily keep the main door locked and only the people there have special keys and there family, or you have to buzz to get in. although this is a good thing, it could also be a bad thing as in fires it could waste time that could possibly save lives. All confidential information about the residents is withheld on the estimator system and should be password protected all the filing cabinets should also be kept locked at all times.Section 2.Residential care there are different types of residential care homes, those for the older generation, people with disabilities and electric shaverren who are looked after. In each of these settings health and safety has to taken extremely seriously, the carers have to make sure that the residents can escape in a fire, they h ave to make sure they are not putting one another in risk of exposure and that infections do not spread. It is important that the residents are informed about keeping themselves and others safe. In some of the residential homes the residents can come and go as they revel but in a place where there may be little kidskinren or people that are confused that would not be allowed. They could put themselves in danger of getting ran over or hurt themselves. In winter time or in the colder weather, if they cannot find their way back or they dont want to go back they could develop hypothermia.Child minderSettings where there are children should be very safe. Little children are remaining and want to see and touch everything, they put things into their mouths lie toys or objects, this can cause them to choke or if they swallow a liquid such as a cleaning detergent they could be poisoned. They could open a gate and go wandering, cupboards, drawers could be opened which have poisonous subst ances in them, and they could uprise and get stuck or distressed. When working in a preschool setting you have to be constantly wakeful and always alert and on the lookout for anything dangerous. Staffs is liable for all activities the children take part in and therefore have to ensure that they are safe and not hazardous.Public environmentMost parks are away from busy roads but there are a few which arent, in his case there is a danger of the child spread the gate and running out intothe road, you have to watch your child at all times to ensure the safety of him/her. You also have to be vigilant of those in the park also, as there could be bigger children which could run into the child. Also if there is a skate park where the older children and teenagers chill you have to be careful for any empty glass bottles, also if older people are unsteady on their feet this can create a hazard for them. Sometimes people like to vandalize the park equipment and leave it in a dangerous stat e if you are looking after a child you should always check the park equipment before allowing your child on, this can easily stop an accident which may have happened. You may also have to asses if the child is age appropriate, if not you shouldnt let the child on it in case of an injury, parks do have an impact absorbing floor normally which cushions the childs fall, but accidents can still happen and you should always keep a close eye on your child. Some parks are frequented by drug abusers they may leave needles on the ground which would be extremely harmful to young children, so it would be a good stem to scan the ground. Dog owners tend to walk their dogs in the parks, dog faeces is a threat to children. There is such thing as toxicara which is a roundworm that can be present in dog faeces this can potentially result in total blindness in one or both eyes. Parks are an idea place to take children to allow them to get some exercise and socialise with other children.Section 3* T hose receiving care, link to an older person and a young childYoung children are unable to recognize hazards themselves, their coordination is still developing. If substances are left lying around the child could get compel of them, this could lead to devastating consequences or even fatal, the child could be poisoned. You should always put locks on drawers and cupboards to ensure the children cannot get hold of hazardous substances. If things are left lying around such as toys a child could get hold of it and put it into their mouths if it too small or a toy is broken the child could choke. An older person could walk into things if they have limited vision or the lights are not bright enough. You should always make sure thatthe care setting is suitable and fits the residents needs. The main doors should always be locked in case there are residents who are confused, they may try to leave. An older person can be harmed if they need to be lifted into a bath or onto a bed, care should be taken when handling individuals and procedures should always be followed correctly.Workers in a settingWorkers sometimes come across Violent service users, this can put them at harm and they can be hurt. They could potentially fracture a bone. There may be faulty equipment which could be hazardous to the service provider as if they are lifting a service user and the equipment is broken the whole weight could be out on them and themselves and the individual could hurt themselves. If there is a shortage of staff and it is very busy the workers could feel stressed, stress can cause them to have anxiety and lack of sleep. If a member staff has had lack of sleep this will cause them to feel tired and they may not be als alert as they should be which can cause harm to themselves and the individual. If there are staff shortages tsome members of staff will be asked to work overtime, this can cause them to feel tired which again means that are not as vigilant as they would be.Support sta ff (eg caterers, dry cleaners, administrative),Cleaners are at a risk of being harmed by hazardous waste, if someone has soiled there bed sheets the cleaners have to take the sheets off the bed and put it into the wash, they come into contact with it which means germs can be passed. They also have to clean after someone has been sick again they can catch a bug or become unwell. Cleaners have to dispose of used dressing and needles they could catch an infection if they come into with them.* Visitors (eg relatives, friends, volunteers)Visitors need to be signed in and out in case of fires, if there was a fire and they are not signed in no one would know that they are there and they could at risk of being trapped in the building. Visitors are also at risk of spotting infections or any bugs that are going around within the care setting. They should be informed of any infections before they visit. *

Rationale For Qualitative Research Management Essay

Rationale For soft Research Management EssayMETHODOLOGYIn a multi path environment firms interact with their customers done the design, evaluation, coordination and deployment of channels with the objective of enhancing customer value through effective customer acquisition, retention, and development. While the relative value of a multichannel customer over single channel customers is known, but several search and managerial questions like consumer behaviour, channel evaluation, allocation of resources across channels and channel coordination strategies require further get word. The objective of this look for is to form further understanding of these issues.In order to meet these objectives, writings on marting channels, channel management and channel conflict were explored. The literature re idea provided attention in developing the research methodological analysis design (refer Figure 2-1). The exploratory research provided further areas for study in the spare- m activity secondary and primary research. This methodology created the building blocks for a structured iterative research process that effectively related to the literature. The process balanced theory and practise to generate a countrywide viewpoint on the subject.In the process of creating the methodology the power consulted several(a) journals and books. The remainder of this chapter discusses the methodology adopted to achieve the break throughlined objectives.Figure 2-1 Research methodological analysis (Source Author)RESEARCH METHODOLOGYOLeary (2004p.85) refers to methodology as the example associated with a particular set of paradigmatic assumptions that are issued to conduct research. For this research a qualitative onslaught was incorporated and the seed used the inducive exploratory research methodology to unearth the issues. The research process can be break described as a cross-sectional study and involved three phases kind 1 RESEARCH PREPARATIONThis phase primarily i nvolved setting the tone and heraldic bearing of the main research by defining the parameters to the research questions and the key objectives of the research ( found on Saunders et al, 2003).After the initial discussion with the mentor secondary desk based research was conducted with the help of industry journals, online resources, annual reports, industry reports. As the author wanted to expand his exposure to the relevant domain of the research a review of the literature was performed to get a better grasp of the subject.PHASE 2 REASEARCH APPROACH2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW METHODOLOGYWhile devising the literature review the author addressed literature on Marketing Channels, Channel Management and Channel Conflict to determine particular concepts best suited to deal with managing conflict in a channel. The literature review was an iterative process that was continuously developed. This process can be envisioned as follows (Figure 2-2)Figure 2-2 The Literature Review Methodology (Sour ce Saunders, M., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A. (2007). Research Methods for Business Students (4, Illustrated ed.). Prentice Hall, adapted by author)The research methodology permitted the author to evaluate the relevance of existing literature in a particular real life scenario. The research methodology provided a structured guideline to a complicated enquiry.2.2 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHYThis research takes the view of an interpretivism philosophy which is based on the view that the social world of business and management is far too complex to lend itself to theorising by definite laws in the same dash as the physical sciences (Saunders, 2003). The author found that organisations cannot be generalised based on the challenges faced in the market place due to individuality thereof it has been deemed necessary to discover the details of the situation to understand the reality working behind them (Remenyi et al 1998, cited in Saunders, 2003).The positivist view was not chosen as this type of accession adopts the philosophical stance of the natural scientist in order to produce law-like generalisations (Saunders, 2003) and was deemed inappropriate.2.3 RESEARCH APPROACHIn line with the research philosophy of interpretivism, the inductive approach is taken for the research as it focuses on theory building which follows the order of battle of qualitative selective information. Another reason why this approach was selected was due to the situation that the deductive approach tends to develop a methodology which does not allow for alternative explanations of what is happening (Saunders, 2003) which may limit explanations of why organizations experience certain challenges.inducive approach is particularly helpful as the author was trying to understand why something is happening rather than being able to describe what is happening. Although inductive approach can be much more protracted but often the ideas, based on a much longer period of data appeal and analysis, pack to emerge gradually. On the flip side the author was aware that with inductive approach there is a constant apprehension that no serviceable data patterns and theory will emerge.2.4 RATIONALE FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCHCreswell (2003) observes two research paradigms soft and Quantitative as described in Figure 2-5. Qualitative research stems from the social sciences and is utilised to understand, why people behave as they do (Denzin Lincoln, 2005) this would include knowledge, attitudes, beliefs etc. Whereas, quantitative research is more concerned with measure things (Miles Huberman, 1994).Figure 2-5 A Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative research (Source Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches)As the purpose of the research was exploratory in spirit, it was felt that the best approach was to conduct qualitative research through one to one interviews. It has been pointed out by Cooper and Schindler (1998) that the qualit ative approach is best suited while undertaking exploratory research and enables the identification of emerging themes within the research process. Moreover, as has been pointed out by Saunders et al (2003), a qualitative approach allows us to understand the reasons for decisions taken by participant as well as enabling an understanding of their attitudes and opinions. Furthermore, as Saunders et al (2003) point out it besides enables the discussion into areas that had not previously been considered but may be significant for understanding the issue. As observed by Henderson (2005) qualitative research by its very nature centres on perceptions, opinions, beliefs and attitudes. Creswell (2003) further recommends the use of the Qualitative approach, for problems that are context specific with unknown variables requiring exploratory research. Moreover the research is reliable and nonsubjective due to the context bound specific scenario. (Creswell, 2003 Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill, 2 007).Although it was planned that, wherever possible interviews would be conducted in person but considering the time limitation of the research and the nature of the retail business, the author had to resort to telephone interviews with the pre-determined point of contact. As suggested by Saunders et al (2003) telephone interviews are an appropriate medium in cases where the interviewer has been able to march their fairness and competence.However, as pointed out by Saunders et al (2003), the lack of standardisation in these interviews may lead to concerns regarding the reliability of the data. As has been observed by Easterby-Smith et al (2002), in qualitative research, reliability is concerned with whether alternative researchers have revealed similar information. However, the data from the interviews were cross checked along with data derived from interviews conducted with the key stakeholders in the company, as well as secondary research material such as the industry specific research reports available in the public domain. Moreover, the data smooth was analysed after the interviews for any inconsistencies in what was said by the interviewee. These steps allowed a multiple triangulation of the data which enabled a higher degree of consistency in the data recorded as well as greater reliability.Each interview was tape recorded as it was felt that note taking may have lead to loss of quality information. The recording enabled the author to listen to the interview any number of times to produce a transcript which facilitated a better analysis of the responses.As pointed out by Saunders et al (2003) reliability of the data could be affected if there was interviewer bias (i.e. wherein the author could have imposed his personalised beliefs while interpreting the data) as well as interviewee bias (i.e. wherein interviewees may choose not to reveal information if they perceive them to be probing or sensitive in nature). These were kept in mind during the inter view process.2.5 MULTI-METHOD APPROACHSince each method has its unique strengths and weaknesses (Smith, 1975) hence the results will be affected by the method used. Thus, it makes sense to use different methods to cancel out the method effect leading to greater confidence being placed on the conclusions (Saunders et al, 2003). The author employed the case study methods which involved interviews with the key stakeholders in the Organisation, in order to get a feel for the key issues. The author then embarked on the grounded theory approach where data and observation from the semi-structured interviews with the customers was used to develop the research theory. This gave the author the confidence that certain key issues were addressed with relevance to the research.The multi-method approach also enabled triangulation to take place, such that different data drawion methods within one study ensure that the data are tattle you what you think they are telling you. As in this case, the s emi-structured interviews with the key managers in the Organisation.2.6 DATA COLLECTION METHODThe authors primary desk based research approach had its limitations in terms of the data collection and authenticating the validity of the data from the online resources. In order to prevent this bias in collection and interpretation, the author also resorted to qualitative research technique. The author found the Qualitative approach to be more effective due to the importance of perceptions of channel members in the problem, which needed to be revealed and understood through personal interaction.The data for the research was collected using primary data collection techniques i.e. interviews as well as secondary data sources i.e. company publications, reports, journals and the internet. Based on the analysis of the various data collecting techniques the interview method was chosen. While conducting the interviews with the stakeholders, semi-structured interviews were used wherein some basi c themes relevant to the research objectives and open ended questions were developed to investigate responses and convey follow up questions. This allowed the opportunity to probe answers and where necessary the interviewees could be requested to build on and explain the reasoning behind their statements (Saunders et al, 2003).Due credence was also given to the manner in which the questions are ordered was taken into consideration as it can affect the information collected (Lubin, 2005).In order to collect the secondary information company reports, academic journals and internet were used. Textbooks were used to provide the background information on multichannel approach and other relevant areas which can be seen in the literature review. A key limitation was the accessibility to appropriate information from the net can be costly when attempting to acquire journals from website requires a fee.PHASE 3 DATA ANALYSIS3.1 DATA COLLECTION METHODS AND TOOLSOLeary (2004p.85) refers to the Methods as, the techniques used to collect data and Tools as the devices that help in collecting data. For the qualitative research methodology discussed the direct research technique was used, as belowExploratory research was conducted in the first phase for greater understanding of the situation. This was followed by an extensive in-depth study of the literature from various publications. In order to authenticate these findings in-depth interviews through an inductive technique were conducted with all respondents, to probe the conflict causing issues. The interviews were developed to encourage the respondents, to let out their detailed viewpoint. A semi structured (Adams Schvaneveldt, 1991) interview format was used to incorporate parameters specific to the area of authors research. Furthermore, throughout this process the Author took into account honest considerations to prevent respondents from being misled in anyway.In order to conduct the research activities for data collec tion Saunders has introduced research onion as a useful framework to illustrate the idea that there are several layers which needs peeling off before the researcher decides the choice of data collection method (Figure 2-3).The following subsections explain research sampling, philosophy, approaches, strategies, and time horizon of the research study.Figure 2-3 The Research Onion (Source Saunders, Thornhill, A and M, Lewis, P., 2003)3.2 RESEARCH SAMPLINGA conclusion can be made from the sample about the population to achieve the research objective (Saunders et al. 2003). It is, therefore, uncommon for a research to survey the entire population due to time and financial constraints, especially, when the population is very large.The research followed a five-step procedure for drawing a sample based on Churchill and Iacobuccis (2002) and Wilsons (2006) suggestions. (Figure 2-4)Figure 2-4 Procedure for drawing a sample (Source Based on Churchill and Iacobucci 2002 and Wilson 2006)In ord er to obtain a broad and holistic picture, certain key individuals and stakeholders were identified who could provide and in-depth and unbiased view of the challenges being faced by the organisation in multichannel environment. Stakeholders identified included company owners, retail managers and trade counter employees.3.3 RESEARCH ANALYSISAs Saunders et al (2003) observe while conducting qualitative research it is important to use a conceptual framework for organising the data. The analysis of the data was inductive because of the exploratory nature of the market research there was no pre-determined hypothesis to direct the analysis (Saunders et al, 2003). The author started with the use of mapping technique to organize and collate all the data gather through primary research and to understand and analyse the issues, key themes, and patterns and question how an argument fit together.The data was analysed using Thematic Analysis (Matthew Huberman, 1994). A confabulation analysis was conducted, which evaluated the words, contexts and non-verbal cues in order to find emerging themes. The data was analysed and interpreted through a step by step process as depicted below (Figure 2-6)Figure 2-6 Data Analysis Methodology (Source Author)The findings were then compared to the data collected from secondary sources and the literature review after which conclusions were drawn. It thus enabled the author run across the inter-relationships of the issues and give a sense of strategic direction while drafting the recommendations. Due to the use of in-depth and semi-structured interviews, it was felt by the author that a narrative look for discussing the findings would be the most appropriate method. As has been pointed out by Saunders et al. (2003), this approach is suitable where in-depth and semi-structured interviews have been used to collect data as it allows the interviewer to retain the integrity of the data (Coffey and Atkinson, 1996).

Impact of Seismicity on Performance of RC Shear Wall

Impact of seismality on Performance of RC Shear WallImpact of Seismicity on Performance and Cost of RC Shear Wall Buildings in Dubai, UAEMohammad AlHamaydeh, P.E., M.ASCE 1 Nader Aly, S.M.ASCE 2 and Khaled Galal, P.Eng., M.ASCE 3ABSTRACTUnfortunately, available probabilistic seismic imagine studies atomic number 18 reporting remarkablely varying prefigures for Dubai seismicity. Given Dubais rapid economic growth, it is crucial to assess the feign of the diverse estimates on performance and cost of buildings. This research canvass and quantifies the impact of the high and moderate seismicity estimates of Dubai on the seismic performance, expression and repair costs of buildings with 6, 9 and 12 stories. The pen buildings argon made up of rein wedged concrete with particular(prenominal) soak contends as their seismic force resisting strategy. The seismic performance is investigated victimization nonlinear static and developmental driving analyses. Construction and repai r costs associated with earthquake changes ar evaluated to quantify the impacts. Results showed that inventing for high seismicity yields significant enhancement in overall structural performance. In addition, the high seismicity estimate resulted in slight increase in initial construction cost. However, the increase in initial investment is outweighed by significant enhancements in seismic performance and reduction in earthquake damages. This resulted in overall cost savings when reduction in repair and downtime costs argon considered.Keywords Seismic Hazard, RC Shear Walls, Seismic Vulnerability, Seismic Performance, Earthquake Losses.Introduction and BackgroundThe economy of UAE and specifically Dubai has been rapidly growing over the past few decades. monumental investments ar taking place in the various sectors, e modifiedly in the real estate sector. In addition, in November 2014, Dubai was announced to be the hosting city of the overture EXPO 2020. As a result, subs tantial growth is taking place in the real estate sector. Several residential, commercial and hotel buildings are going to be radiation diagramed and constructed to accommodate the increase in population size. This region suffers from considerable uncertainty in its seismicity level and the excogitate guidelines that should be followed (AlHamaydeh et al., 2012). The seismicity level of UAE and Dubai has been the matter of several(prenominal) research studies, such as Abdalla and Al-homoud (2004), Aldama-Bustos et al. (2009) and Khan et al. (2013). Neverthe little, unfortunately there is not much consensus in these research studies about the seismicity levels that should be designed for in UAE. This could be attributed to the lack of in-depth seismological data and historical recordings of ground gesticulates in this region. Such data would have been useful in providing comprehensive and sound seismic design guidelines (AlHamaydeh et al., 2013). The minimum seismic design requirem ents set by the local authorities in Dubai are instauproportionnd on the 1997 Uniform Building Code (UBC97). However, the municipality has been proactive in adapting to tremors that were felt and measured in UAE in April, 2013. They sent a circular to consulting offices in May, 2013 raising the minimum requirement to zone 2B for buildings higher than cabaret stories and zone 2A for buildings between four to nine stories. Therefore, the unprecedented growth in the number of buildings in Dubai combined with the lack of consensus on seismic design criteria vex the vulnerability to earthquakes. It is generally believed that the UAE has low seismicity. Nevertheless, over the past few years, a significant number of regional seismic activities, originating from faults surrounding the UAE, has been recorded by Dubai Seismic Network (DSN). Additionally, DSN has recorded whatsoever local seismic activities over the halt from 2006 to 2014.UAE seismicity is affected by earthquakes origina ting from near-fault and far-field seismic sources (Mwafy, 2011). The most recent seismic hazard oeuvre for UAE, available to the authors, was published in 2013 by Khan et al. (2013). The study provided a comprehensive probabilistic seismic hazard assessment and spectral accelerations for the entire UAE. Furthermore, it implemented a standardized earthquakes catalogue for UAE compiled from United States Geological Survey (USGS), National Geosciences of Iran (2015) and the National Center of Meteorology and Seismology of UAE (NCMS) (2015) that dates back to 110 years. Furthermore, Khan et al. (2013) have employ seven different ground cause prediction equations incorporating threesome next generation attenuation equations due to the lack of specific equations for UAE. They attributed UAE seismicity to the seismic source zones shown in find 1. In addition, the seismic hazard study by Shama in 2011 highlighted several local crustal faults in UAE that might affect its seismicity lev el. These faults are Dibba, Wadi El Fay, Wadi Ham, Wadi-Shimal, Oman and wolfram Coast fault (Shama, 2011). Unfortunately, the level of seismicity is not clearly set since there is no strong consensus among researchers about the exact seismic level of UAE or Dubai. On the other hand, reviewing the available probabilistic seismic hazard studies conducted for UAE and Dubai clearly shows that there are significant variations in the estimated seismicity levels. In fact, results vary from no seismic hazard to very high seismicity. Table 1 shows a summary of Peak Ground Accelerations (PGA) from several probabilistic seismic hazard studies. The reported PGAs vary from less than 0.05g to 0.32g. This is attributed to the differences in the used source zonation, recurrence parameters, earthquake catalogues and ground motion prediction equations. The differences are mainly due to the lack of flesh out seismological touchstone and data in this region and such data is required to provide a co mprehensive and sound seismic hazard study (AlHamaydeh et al., 2013). The variation in seismicity was a driving factor for many research studies related to the impact on design of buildings in Dubai, such as (AlHamaydeh et al., 2010 AlHamaydeh et al., 2011 and AlHamaydeh and Al-Shamsi, 2013).The objective of this composition is to investigate the impact of the seismicity hazard level on the performance, construction, repair and downtime costs of reinforced concrete (RC) shear wall buildings in Dubai. In this regard, sextette RC shear wall buildings are designed and detailed following the 2012 International Building Code (IBC12) standards. The fiber buildings are 6-story, 9-story and 12-story. They are chosen to target the main sectors of buildings inventory in Dubai, UAE. These buildings are designed for two different seismic hazard levels that represent high and moderate seismicity estimates of Dubai. The different designs are compared based on their seismic performance, construc tion and repair costs in severalize to investigate and quantify the impact of the seismic design level. The seismic performance is evaluated following the methodology outlined in FEMA P695, which is a technical publication aiming to establish standard procedures for quantifying the seismic performance factors of buildings (Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 2009). The assessment methodology is based on nonlinear pseudo-static and dynamic analyses. The nonlinear answer history analyses are performed using a set of ground motion records selected and scaled to represent the highest possible seismic use in Dubai. As such, this would highlight the implications on design, seismic performance, construction and repair costs of RC shear wall buildings designed for different seismic hazard levels in Dubai, if the high seismicity estimate turns to be the most realistic. In addition, total construction cost is estimated considering structural and non-structural components. Finally, the repair cost is evaluated based on the structural and non-structural damage percentages adapted from SEAOC blue book (Structural Engineers Association of California, 1999).Details of the Reference BuildingsThe six reference buildings considered in this paper are intended to represent emblematic office buildings located in Dubai, UAE. The buildings have number of floors ranging from 6 to 12 stories to represent the majority of frequent buildings in Dubai. They are made up of RC and have a typical floor plan as shown in understand 2. The plan consists of five 6m (20ft) bays and total dimensions of 30mx30m (100ftx100ft). Furthermore, the overall structural height varies between 24m to 48m (78ft to 156ft) with a typical floor height of 4m (13ft). The lateral force resisting system consists of special RC shear wall placed on the edge of the building. This arrangement ensures that center of mass is decision to center of rigidity, hence it stave offs inherent torsional cause. In addition, placing the walls along the perimeter boosts the building torsional resistance and reduces the shear demands on walls due to accidental torsion effects.The gravity system consists of RC square columns, while the floor system comprises of cast-in-situ straight plate. However, the gravity system is not designed to be part of the lateral force resisting system. It is only designed to support vertical loads and to satisfy the deformation compatibility requirement. For design purposes, concrete compressive strength () is presume to be 28MPa (4.0ksi) for columns and slabs, and 38MPa (5.0ksi) for shear walls. Additionally, the yield strength (fy) of wages is assumed to be 420MPa (60ksi). Super Imposed Dead Load (SDL) is 3.6kPa (75psf), excluding the self-weight of the concrete slabs. This SDL value is a conservative estimate commonly used for office buildings in Dubai. The breakdown of this estimate is as follows 2 kPa (for 100mm of leveling screed and flooring tiles), 1 kPa for partitions (usually movable partitions) and 0.6 kPa allowance for mechanical, electrical and plumping overhanging services. Curtain wall (cladding) load on the perimeter of each floor is 0.72kPa (15psf). Moreover, for office buildings the typical floors live load is 2.4kPa (50psf) and the roof live load is 1kPa (20psf) as per ASCE7-10.The six reference buildings are designed and detailed consort to IBC12 requirements for two different seismic hazard levels representing high and moderate seismicity estimates in Dubai. The selection of the two seismic design levels is driven by the existent uncertainty in seismic loading and the substantial variability in reported seismic hazard levels for UAE and Dubai. Therefore, it is deemed a reasonable choice for the objective of this paper to consider the highest and moderate seismicity levels. This would allow investigating the consequences of the possible alternative seismic loading levels available to designers. The highest seismicity le vel represents the upper bound, and it is obtained from USGS (2015). The USGS seismic hazard level for Dubai estimate is selected in this study (i.e. Ss = 1.65g and S1 = 0.65g). Moreover, the moderate seismic design level represents Abu Dhabi International Building Code 2011 (ADIBC11) estimate for Dubai. The elastic design reaction spectra for the two considered seismicity levels along with the ASCE7-10 estimated fundamental periods of the studied six buildings are presented in Figure 3. As shown, at each seismic design level, three buildings with 6-stories, 9-stories and 12-stories are designed with special RC shear walls. Summary of all buildings details including response modification factors (R and Cd), design spectral accelerations and elastic fundamental time periods, and approximate periods upper limit are minded(p) in Table 2. It is worth mentioning that the ground motion input parameters (Ss and S1) of the two seismicity levels (high and moderate) result in Seismic Design Category (SDC) D for the six considered buildings. Consequently, ordinary RC shear walls are not permitted by the design codification (i.e. ASCE7-10). Thus, all buildings are required to have special RC walls. Furthermore, choosing special detailing for both(prenominal) seismicity levels would allow investigating the direct impact of the seismic design level on the cost and performance of walls with same level of detailing requirements. The buildings are given a legend showing its ID (i.e. Building1 to Building6), number of stories (i.e. 6Story, 9Story or 12Story), seismic design level (i.e. High or Moderate) and shear wall type (i.e. Special or Ordinary). A site class D is assumed for the six reference buildings. This assumption complies with IBC12 recommendations.Design SummaryThe buildings are designed and detailed in congruity to IBC12 standards which refers to ASCE7-10 for minimum design loads and ACI318-11for structural concrete requirements. The designs implement the state of the art practices in design and construction followed in Dubai, UAE. For the design purposes, elastic compendium is done using 3D determines on CSI ETABS commercial package (ETABS, 2015). To determine the majority of the seismic mass, the gravity system is designed first and fixed for the three buildings.The gravity system is designed to resist axial forces from all vertical loads in addition to the moments and shears induced from deformation compatibility requirements. In order to ensure the structural stability of gravity columns, they are designed to resist the induced actions (bending moments and shear forces) from the deformations that will be oblige by earthquake excitations on the building. The bending moments and shear forces are estimated based on the maximum allowable inter-story spirit by IBC12 which is 2%. The rigorousness of the columns is estimated using ETABS by applying a force at the top and bottom of the considered story and by getting the corresponding f aulting. The shear forces are then careful by multiplying the maximum allowable displacement by the stiffness of each column. Then from the shear force, the moment is calculated as shown in Equations (1) and (2). (1) (2)Where V is shear force, d is displacement (calculated using ETABS), M is bending moment and L is column height. It should be noted that concrete shear content is found sufficient to resist the shear forces due to imposed deformations by applied seismic forces. Therefore, minimum lateral reinforcement (i.e. column ties) is provided in columns with reference to clause 7.10 in ACI318-11. The gravity system components (i.e. flat plates and columns) are designed in accordance to ACI318-11 provisions using in-house design spreadsheets. For an optimized design, following common design trends in UAE, columns cross subsections and reinforcement are conventioned and changed either three floors. The gravity system is common between buildings with the same number of floors . The gravity columns design details for the six reference buildings are summarized in Figure 4. Figure 4 (a), (b) and (c) show the dimensions and reinforcement details of the 6- , 9- and 12-story buildings, respectively. On the left side of each Figure, the columns cross section dimensions are provided over each group of floors. The right side shows the vertical and horizontal reinforcement of the different columns (i.e. columns around the opening and remaining columns) in each group of floors. The minimum required slab burdensomeness is calculated such that it satisfies ACI318-11 Table 9.5(c) minimum requirements. For the longest clear span of 5.3m, the minimum required weightiness is 177mm. This figure is rounded up and 200mm thick flat plates are used. The flat plates are reinforced with T16 reinforcement bars dislocated at 125mm, top and bottom in both directions. Additional T20 reinforcement spaced at 125mm (2m long) are added on top of columns in both directions.The latera l system is designed to resist the seismic lateral loads determined according to IBC12 Static Equivalent Lateral Force (SELF) method. The SELF method is permitted for all the six reference buildings. This is because the total height for all buildings does not exceed 48m (160ft), the SDC is D and no structural irregularities exist according to ASCE7-10, Table 12.6-1. Linear static analysis is performed using ETABS to evaluate the induced forces and displacements from seismic forces. Then, shear walls are designed to satisfy strength and drift requirements. Inter-story drift ratios are controlled within code, IBC12, limits (2%) by varying the shear wall stiffness through changing its in-plan length. Strength requirements are satisfied by designing the shear walls for the induced bending moments and shear forces by the seismic actions using Quickwall software (Quick Concrete Wall, 2015). Shear walls thickness and reinforcement are changed every three floors to optimize the design and t o match common design practices in Dubai. However, walls in-plane length is kept constant throughout the buildings height to avoid any vertical structural irregularities. The need for specially detailed boundary elements is checked every three floors using the displacement-based salute. The use of displacement based admittance for checking the boundary elements vertical extent is preferred over the use of stress-based approach. This is because the latter approach was proven to provide highly conservative requirements for the special detailing (Wallace and Moehle, 1992) and (Thomsen IV and Wallace, 2004). For practical constructability, boundary elements are designed to have the same wall thickness. Additionally, to comply with ACI318-11 minimum thickness requirements and conform to typical design practices in the UAE, an nerve ratio of at least 25.4mm 304.8mm (1in 12in) is maintained between wall thickness and length. The walls minimum thickness depends on the unsupported height and length. Therefore, as the walls unsupported senior high across the different buildings are constant (i.e. limited by the typical story height), it is necessary to impose a practical criterion on the walls thickness as we change the length from building to building. This approach guarantees that the different designs are subjected to the same guidelines, especially for sizing the walls cross sections. This would result in a evenhandedly response comparison among all designs as they follow alike basis that imitates typical design practices in the UAE. During initial dynamic analyses of the 12-story buildings, B5-12S-H-S and B6-12S-M-S, it was detect that the critical section was not at the walls base. This is contradicting the code assumption of having a single critical section at the base of cantilevered shear walls. The critical section resulting in the dynamic analysis was actually shifted from the wall base to the bottom of the lowest floor in upper quarter of the building (10th floor). The initiated calamity mechanism was governed by higher modes effects and the formation of plastic hinges at upper floors. The optimization done initially to the design by reducing dimensions and reinforcement for upper floors magnified the impact of higher modes effects. As a result, it triggered the failure and plastic hinge formation to be initiated at the reduced cross section. Therefore, the critical section became located at the weak spot at higher levels, which resulted in an unfavorable premature wreck mechanism. This observation has been highlighted by previous researchers, such as Tremblay et al. (2001), Bachmann and Linde (1995), and Panneton et al. (2006). It was also by experimentation proven by shake table and cyclic loading tests (El-Sokkary et al., 2013). As an example, the modal analysis of the 12-story building, B5-12S-H-S, is shown in Table 3. It can be seen that there are clear separations between the individual modes characteristics (periods an d modal masses). This is generally expected in a flexural cantilever structural type (i.e. shear walls). The first mode sound mass is usually ranging from 50% to 70% and the second mode period is approximately one sixth of the first mode. This is consistent with many research studies which investigated the effects of higher modes on response of cantilever shear walls (e.g. Humar and Mahgoub, 2003 and Tremblay et al., 2001). Furthermore, it is clear that relative modal weights (%) and modal company factors are relatively high at 7th, eighth and 12th vibration modes which highlights the impact of higher modes. As a result, the design was revised by keeping the cross section and reinforcement constant for the upper half of the 12-story (B5-12S-H-S and B6-12S-M-S) and 9-story buildings (B3-9S-H-S and B4-9S-M-S). For 6-story buildings (B1-6S-H-S and B2-6S-M-S), a single cross-section was used for all floors with terminating boundary element at third floor. This conforms to the state-of- art design and construction practices in Dubai, UAE. It also matches the design philosophy adopted in other 12-story and 9-story buildings by keeping the same cross section and reinforcement for upper six floors. Summary of the shear walls design details is shown in Figure 5.Nonlinear ModelingThe six reference buildings are modeled using lumped plasticity formulations on IDARC-2D (Reinhorn et al., 2009). Since the buildings are symmetric, mass participation of torsional modes of vibration are low. Therefore, torsional effects are negligible and a two-dimensional model is sufficient to simulate the buildings response. The shear walls are idealized using macro-models by representing the structural members with equivalent elements possessing all nonlinear characteristics. The members nonlinear characteristics depend on distribution of plasticity and yield penetration. A lumped plasticity model consisting of two nonlinear rotational springs located at the ends and an elastic member is u sed for the shear walls. The nonlinearity is concentrated at the locations of the nonlinear rotational springs. The flexural and shear deformations of the shear walls are modelled using the tri-linear (three parameter) hysteretic model developed by Park et al. (1987). The tri-linear hysteretic models allow controlling the stiffness degradation and strength deterioration due to ductility and energy. In addition, the axial deformations of the shear walls are considered by a linear-elastic spring. For the shear walls, the moment-curvature and shear-distortion are calculated using the fiber elements procedure of IDARC2D. The wall cross section is divided into number of fibers and then subjected to increments of curvatures. From strain compatibility and equilibrium, the strains are calculated and used to compute the resulting axial forces and bending moments in the section (Reinhorn et al., 2009).Results and Discussion The buildings seismic performance is evaluated following FEMA P695 me thodology (2009). FEMA P695 approach is based on nonlinear pseudo static (pushover) analysis, Incremental Dynamic summary (IDA) and fragility analysis. Pushover analysis is used to validate the nonlinear model and estimate the period based ductility of the buildings. Then, IDA analysis is performed using a suite of far-field ground motion records to estimate the median collapse enduringness and collapse margin ratio. The far-field ground motion records are scaled to match the MCE response spectrum of the highest seismicity estimate in UAE. This seismicity hazard level is as estimated by USGS (2015) for Dubai (Ss = 1.65 g and S1 = 0.65 g). The selected marking level simulates the worst, yet possible seismic hazard scenario from distant sources (e.g. Zagros thrust or Makran subduction zone) as highlighted by Sigbjornsson and Elnashai (2006). Thus, it allows assessing the consequences of the selected seismic design level (i.e. high or moderate) on the seismic performance, constructi on and repair costs of RC shear wall buildings in Dubai. The calculated collapse margin ratios from the IDA are adjusted to account for uncertainties in design basis, test data, nonlinear modeling and to consider the spectral shape of the ground motion records. The spectral content is accounted for based on the calculated period based ductility. Adjusted IDA results are finally used to calculate exceedance probabilities for ASCE-41 (2013) performance levels, Collapse Prevention (CP), Life Safety (LS) and Immediate Occupancy (IO).Nonlinear Pseudo-Static (Pushover) Analysis Pushover analysis is performed using an inverted triangle displacement profile as a pushing function for all buildings. The intensity is increased monotonically until the net base shear degrades by 20%. The results are used to construct capacity curves (back-bone) for the reference buildings in the form of roof drift ratio versus base shear coefficient (i.e. base shear normalized by seismic weight). Pushover capac ity curves are used to assess the buildings deformation and strength capacities.The capacity curves of the three buildings designed for the high seismicity estimate (i.e. B1-6S-H-S, B3-9S-H-S and B5-12S-H-S) are shown in Figure 6. Normalized base shear capacities are 0.57, 0.5 and 0.46 for B1-6S-H-S, B3-9S-H-S and B5-12S-H-S, respectively. As expected, base shear capacity is higher for the shorter building (6-story). This is attributed to the higher design forces which resulted from the relatively higher initial stiffness of squat shear walls compared to their slender counterpart. B1-6S-H-S reached a maximum roof drift ratio, prior collapse, of 6.5%, while B3-9S-H-S reached 6% and B5-12S-H-S reached 7.25%. The three buildings have period-based ductility calculated as recommended by FEMA P695 greater than 8. It can also be observed that in the three high seismicity designs, the capacity curves do not experience severe degradation in strength or deterioration in stiffness. This matche s the expected behavior of well detailed special RC shear walls with confined boundary elements. It is noticed from the final damage states of the buildings, at 20% strength degradation, that static pushover analysis resulted in a failure mode at the base of the shear walls conforming to the design code assumed critical section. The overall structural damage index reported by IDARC-2D is 0.359, 0.426 and 0.618 for B1-6S-H-S, B3-9S-H-S and B5-12S-H-S. It is worth mentioning that these damages are concentrated at first floor shear walls.Established capacity curves for buildings designed for moderate seismicity (B2-6S-M-S, B4-9S-M-S and B6-12S-M-S) are presented in Figure 6. From shown capacity curves, normalized base shear capacities are 0.31, 0.26 and 0.24 for buildings B2-6S-M-S, B4-9S-M-S and B6-12S-M-S, respectively. Similar to the high seismicity design, the 6-story building has the highest normalized base shear capacity. This is due to its lateral system (shear walls) relatively higher stiffness which resulted in higher demands. Maximum drift ratios, prior collapse achieved by B2-6S-M-S, B4-9S-M-S and B6-12S-M-S are 9.25%, 8% and 3.5%, respectively. The three designs have period-based ductility greater than 8 calculated as recommended by FEMA P695. The overall structural damage index reported by IDARC-2D is 0.371 for B2-6S-M-S, 0.455 for B4-9S-M-S and 0.359 for B6-12S-M-S. These damages are triggered at the first floor shear walls only. Therefore, similar to high seismicity designs, the pseudo static pushover analysis results of moderate seismicity designs suggests a single critical section at the wall base. This conclusion matches with design code recommendation for regular buildings permitted to be designed following the static method (SELF) by ASCE7-10.Nonlinear Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) The seismic performance of the reference buildings is investigated under the random nature of earthquakes. Standard nonlinear pseudo-static analysis does not i nherently fully capture the higher modes effects which usually govern the response of tall and irregular buildings. Consequently, the use of nonlinear dynamic analysis is more appropriate in such cases. IDA provides better insight of the expected structural response from the linear range through the nonlinear response and until it losses stability and collapse (Vamvatsikos and Cornell, 2004). The IDA in this case is performed using a very fine increment of 0.1g for the spectral accelerations. The increments are increased until all ground motion records caused the buildings to collapse or exceed the CP maximum drift ratio limit of 2% as specified by ASCE-41. However, the maximum spectral acceleration for all the records is not increased more than 2.5g. The total number of dynamic analysis runs performed for each reference building is around 1100 (22 records x 2 components x 25 scale factors).Figure 7 presents the resulting IDA curves for high seismicity designs, B1-6S-H-S, B3-9S-H-S and B5-12S-H-S. The structural response derived from IDA curves can depend to some extent on the characteristics of the particular accelerograms used. Thus, the performance is judged based on a suit of ground motion records to segregate this effect. On average, at low drift ratios (approximately up to 1%), the three designs (B1-6S-H-S, B3-9S-H-S and B5-12S-H-S) exhibit a linear behavior. The same linear behavior is resulting from some of the ground motion records up to the MCE spectral acceleration. At higher spectral accelerations, the structural response starts to vary showing several patterns of nonlinearities, such as softening, hardening and weaving. For only few records, the grammatical construction seems to soften and ply to large drifts rapidly until it reaches collapse. Collapse in these curves, whether resulting from convergence issues, numerical instabilities, or very large drift ratio, is represented using a drift ratio of 10% and a flat line in IDA curves. Majority of the earthquake records caused severe hardening and weaving around the elastic response. The weaving observation conforms to the common equal displacement rule stating that inelastic and elastic displacements are equal for structures with relatively moderate time periods (Vamvatsikos and Cornell, 2002). In addition, for some records, the hardening phenomenon in which the structure seems to perform better at higher intensities is somewhat against the common expectation (Vamvatsikos and Cornell, 2002). This is because generally the time and pattern of the time-history governs the response more than just the intensity. Moreover, the upward measure done to the records makes the less responsive cycles at the beginning of the time-history strong enough to cause damage and yielding of the structural elements. Therefore, some strong ground motion records at some intensity might cause early yielding of a specific floor, usually a low floor. This floor acts as a sacrificial fuse which reduce s the response of higher floors (Vamvatsikos and Cornell, 2002). Another very interesting observation that is clearly seen in IDA curves shown in Figure 7 is what is called Structural Resurrection. This phenomenon has been observed by Vamvatsikos and Cornell (2002) and is defined as a severe hardening behavior. In structural resurrection, the building moves all the way to complete collapse (numerical instability or convergence issues) at some intensity. Then at higher intensities it shows a lower or higher response, but without collapsing. This happens because the time and pattern of the ground motion record at a particular intensity might be more damaging than at higher intensities. In other words, this particular intensity causes the stru

Reflective Essay on Music Education

Reflective Essay on Music EducationAndrew NguyenMy name is Andrew Nguyen, and Im a sophomore at Golden West College. Im 19 years old, and my major is business administration. For my online class experience, this is my entropy time taking an online course. My world-class time was on this years intersession, and I took an Ameri keep Government course, exclusively it was not that easy. There was too much reading to do, and theres not enough time for studying since intersession classes digest for 4 weeks. In the end, I earned a good grade for my effort, and Im hoping that Ill do the said(prenominal) for this class. It taught me or so how I should manage my time efficaciously when Im not inside the classroom, and that I shouldnt procrastinate from doing any readings and assignments. To be honest, Im not exactly a unison fermenter. Im more of a listener than a fraud. I played an instrument before, simply I wasnt playing a song. When I was little, I remember myself tapping the ke yboards on an electronic flaccid, listening to random notes, but I didnt hurl a chance to properly learn how to play an instrument. However, I taught myself how to play the guitar when I was in high school unfortunately, I was unsuccessful. There was a lot of complicated information to know about playing harmony, such as chords and origin, and its overwhelming to memorize it all. Also, I couldnt properly play the instrument because I need to know about the parts of the guitar, so I can guard playing better. The problem about playing an instrument is that I unp mortifieded relying on being perfect, and I just give up easy. For now, I just listen to any songs for relaxation, and I noticed how the song works from stem to end and the hidden rhythms of the song.Because of my lack of knowledge on music, I thought that taking this class would give me a doubt start to know about music theory. Ive been listening to popular songs for a long time, and I thought that I could apply my ba sic knowledge on songs to this class, so I can critically listen to how music works. There argon 2 things I would know by the end of the course. The basic one is to know how to read tab music. It was hard to read because there were so many complex patterns on the sheet music, and its not easy for an average musician. If I took this class, maybe theres a region about understanding the melody or other parts of the sheet music, so I can use that knowledge to learn better on playing an instrument. The second one is to know about the music history. I want to know more about how they developed antithetic methods on crafting the song, so I can use examples from my songs to know how it matches their methods.The song that sounds desire a binary form would be Somnus, composed by Yoko Shimomura and sung by Aundrea L. Hopkins. It is the study song from a best-selling video game, Final Fantasy XV. The title is Latin for sleep, and like the title, the lyrics are also Latin. A binary form has two sections, in the form AB or AABB, that each section repeats the melody, and this song happens to fit into this category. At first, the song opens with a piano melody in a minor pitch. Then, the vocalist interpret the Latin lyrics, presenting a theme that could be recognized later. In the second stanza, the song repeats the same melody, but the lyrics changed and the fiddle and cello can be hear as a harmony. The statement for this song tells the story that the world plunged into darkness spell the hero is in hibernation. After the second stanza, the variation occurs, changing the tempo to accelerando, which means to speed up. Within the variation, the piano plays solo, accompanied by the fiddle and cello. The tempo starts to ritardando, which means slow down, and then it goes arse to the fast tempo, introducing the third stanza, which is the departure of the form. The melody sounds distinguishable and the range of the songs government note is medium because of its fast tempo. Within the departure, there are some parts being utilize from the first section of the song. Two lines from the third stanza introduce a new melody, and then the last two lines repeat that melody, changing the lyrics and range. The departure lets us consider ourselves that if theres darkness, theres always a light to shine the way. In the end, the song goes back to its accredited theme, ending the song in a minor chord, but lasts for about a few seconds.There are many varieties of musical sounds possible from the human voice. One of the varieties is falsetto. Falsetto is the highest register of the human voice. Its been used as a vocal technique to make the voice unnaturally alto. To use falsetto, the singers must control their vocal cords to get a high note. They do that by imitating someone with a higher voice to shorten their vocal cords and then the cords stretch it out, so it would nonplus a head voice, which is the high register of the voice in speaking or singing. When using this technique, it has limited octave range, which could lead to passaggio, a transition between the vocal registers. Its a difficult technique to control, but famous singers, such as Prince and Michael Jackson, have practiced this technique to sing their songs better. The origin of the terminal is unknown because of its vagueness to know what that term is. But during the Renaissance period, the term was ballpark in Italy because thats where they named the term. The term Falsetto is Italian for false. This vocal technique is commonly used by male singers, and they have used it during the 16th century when women were restricted from performing, so the men could fill in their roles at church and on stage. Falsetto has been used in different regions, for they have their own style of this technique. For instance, Hawaii has their own falsetto style. Although its part of the U.S, Hawaii still maintained their traditional culture before they annexed to the U.S. Their falsetto music dates back a long time ago when a group of immigrants from different countries brought their music with them, combined with their Hawaiian music that created their falsetto. Their falsetto is called ka leo kiekie. uniform the other cultures in the 16th century, women were forbidden to perform bit the men sang in high pitch. Whats different from the western sandwich use of falsetto is that they would underline the tone between the vocal registers. They would also amplify the tone through repetition. Theyve used this technique to sing stories about their state culture. There may be some female singers used falsetto, but theres barely any proof of that since most male singers have used this technique for a long time. other variety of music sound from the human voice is warble. Yodeling occurs when the singer switch between their voice from normal to a high pitch. When yodel, the singers have control of their voice in the range by switching to different vocal registers, and t hey timed their yodel for a few seconds in a high volume. They sang non-lexical syllables to help project their yodeling. The origin of this technique is unknown since theres no evidence indicating when and how it was created however, historians believed that yodeling occurred in the Alpine mountains in Switzerland. In the Renaissance era, the early yodeling was used by the herders to help communicate their flock of cows, or they used the technique to communicate the villagers from a different village. For the communication on the villages, perhaps yodeling acted as an early development of making long-distance communication before the telephone was invented in the 19th century. Since that discovery in the Alps, it became an everlasting tradition in Europe, and then it became popular in the 1830s for entertainment. Other than the Swiss Alps, yodeling is common more or less different cultures from around the world. For example, Central Africa has used yodeling. An ethnic group called the pigmy people yodeled for their complex polyphonic singing. Another example is the United States. A group of German immigrants first introduced yodeling in the 1800s to the U.S. Yodeling was used for their folk singer exhibits, consists of skits, acts, dancing, and music, throughout the 19th century. But after the 1900s, yodeling became common when singers use it for their country music. Yodeling has been useful for a long time, for it provides a purpose for allow the people communicate with each other and give different formats to express music also.String An example of a string instrument is a violin. It is the smallest and high-pitched instrument in the string family. A violin is a carved hollow wooden box, which consists of many parts. The top plate of the violin is the top plate, or the belly, that joins the back plate by the carved sides called the ribs. The recognize of the violin is attached to the front side, and that flat wooden strip on top is called the fingerboa rd. It runs across the sleep with to the duad, which is in the middle of the top plate. The four strings are attached to the tail voice, hardened on the bottom of the top plate, and then it runs across the bridge and neck to be fastened to four pegs in the pegbox, located at the top of the neck. A scroll is attached on top of the pegbox to make it decorative. Between the bridge are two f-holes. The sound holes were carved to reduce the thickness of the top plate and act as a resonator to strengthen the sounds created by the strings. Finally, located at the bottom of the top plate is the chinrest. It helps the violinist to position their jaw or chin when playing the violin. To play the violin, the player must hold the violin with his leave hand and the bow in his right hand. On the violinist left side, the fingers must be on the fingerboard, chin on the chinrest, and the body of the violin resting on the shoulder. Also, the strings must be tuned in the order, G, D, A, and E, from the left to right. When the violin is played, the violinist presses the strings to change the pitch, and he can also shift his left hand up and down to create a high or low set of tones. As for the bow, it is drawn onto the strings, causing the strings to vibrate to produce a high pitch. There are many techniques to play the violin and other bowed instruments, such as double-stopping, playing two strings at the same time to produce a chord, and open strings, without touching the string to produce the lowest note. Ever since the Baroque era, the violin is divided into two sections of the orchestra, the first and second. The first violinists play the melody while the second violinists play the harmony (or sometimes melody). Other than the orchestra, they also have the same role of being first and second in the string quartet, which consists two violins, one viola, and one cello. The violin plays a minor role in popular music, but in western culture, they called violin playing, fiddlin g. A fiddle is a second name for the violin, but its only known to bluegrass and country music. The fiddle and violin have the same shape, but their playing style is different. Fiddling would produce dancing rhythms, along with quick note changes, while the classical violin plays sustained notes. Overall, the most common uses for the violin is in classical music.Woodwind A transverse flute is an example of a woods instrument. Throughout history, the flute was the oldest instrument. They were made of wood, and it came in different forms depending on the culture. But now, most of the flutes constructed is now metal. In the metal version, there are triple joints on the flute the head, middle, and foot. In the head joint, it has a small piece at the end of the joint called the crown, and it keeps the head joint positioned at its usual depth. Near the crown is the embouchure hole, the center of the lip plate, resting place for the lower lip. The future(a) joint is the middle joint, a nd its an definitive part of the instrument. The middle joint consists of flute keys. The original flute has open holes that would be covered with fingers however, the modern flute replaced the original with a complex system of knitted keys and steel. Most modern flutes have closed-hole keys while some have open-hole keys. The closed-hole is common for beginners because it helps learn how to properly hold the flute, but the open-hole is an advanced flute because of its use for making special effects for contemporary music. The last joint of the flute is the foot joint. The foot joint is where the sound produces from the flute however, the foot joint also has keys. There are two types of foot joint C and B foot. The B foot joint has three keys while the C foot joint has two. Depending on what foot joint the flute has, it would produce a different tone and register. To play the flute, it must be held horizontally to the right, so the player is in a good stance. Then, the left hand mu st be in the first half of the middle joint while the right hand is on the second half. Once the flutist is in position, the flutist can blow through the lip plate to produce a soprano voice in a low register. There are no specific chords for the flute, but wherever they press the keys, it can produce a specific octave scale in a flat or sharp note. In the symphony orchestra, it has the minor role in playing the melody frequently because of its timbre being noticed in the orchestra. But the most common uses for the flutes occurs in concert and marching bands. In the concert band, the woodwind instruments are seated in front, like the string instruments in the orchestra. Theres no specific seating chart for the concert band, but the flute or another woodwind instrument can play either the melody or harmony in this ensemble. As for the marching band, the flute produces high-pitched tones for the band, but sometimes they play the melody of their musical piece.Brass A car horn is an ex ample of the side instrument. It produces the highest pitch from the brass family, declaring itself with a brilliant tone color. Like all brass instruments, it has a mouthpiece on the back. The mouthpiece leads a flow of air from the player to the trumpet to produce the sound. Connected to the mouthpiece is the lead pipe. This pipe leads the soundwave around and through the instrument. The next part is the tuning slide. Its in a c-shape, and it slides in and out to adjust tuning the trumpet, so the further its slide out, the lower the tone it would produce. On the tuning slide is the small lever called the water key. Whenever the player blows through the mouthpiece, theres a small amount of moisture coming inside the trumpet. To web the moisture, they should press the key and then blow the mouthpiece to get the water out. Next is the valve slides. There are three different valve slides, each connected to the valve pistons. Its like the tuning slide, but the valve slides tune the p itch of each valve pistons. The important feature of the trumpet is the valve pistons. The three pistons move up and down in the valve casings to produce different tones by different combinations of air pressure and finger movements from the player. However, each valve pistons are different, for they lower the tone of the chromatic scale. The fist piston lowers the tone by a half step while the second lowers the tone by a full step. Also, the third piston lowers the tone by a minor third, which is three half steps. At the end of the trumpet is the bell. This part is recognizable because its part of every brass instruments. It amplifies and creates the sound of the trumpet. To play the trumpet, the player must hold on to the valve slides on the left side while the right side is positioning the fingers to the pistons. And then, the player blows through the mouthpiece and uses the valves to start playing. When playing the trumpet, it plays an octave scale depending on what valves theyr e pressing. The most common uses for trumpet is in classical and jazz ensemble. In an orchestra, the brass instruments are seated behind the string section because of its loud dynamics. For the trumpet, its mostly been used as a harmony to produce a brighter sound for the orchestra and sometimes plays the melody. In jazz music, the trumpet plays the lead role in an ensemble. The trumpet player carries the melody of most jazz songs because of its loud pitch. Along with the trumpet is the trombone that is part of a bass line and a counter melody to the trumpet. pleximetry The cymbals are an example of the percussion instrument. The cymbals are two circular plates, made of different types of alloy. Each cymbal has a leather strap in the middle, so the player can hold the cymbals. Theres no specific example on how to play this instrument. What the player needs to do is struck against another cymbal, creating an indefinite pitch. The cymbals have been used in many ensembles, ranging fro m orchestra to marching band. In the orchestra, the cymbals play a minor role there, for their role is to surprise the audience for drama and excitement, or its used to emphasise the rhythm. Also, the cymbals have a major role in the marching band. Along with the percussion instruments, theyre responsible for keeping the tempo going. Even when the brass and woodwind instruments are not playing, the percussion instruments keep on playing. The cymbals in the marching band follow the accented rhythms the drums are making, so they would keep the audience surprised.Last Friday, I checkered How I Met Your Mother on TV, and I noticed their use of music. The show started with an opening scene, and then move on to the intro, which lasts around 10 seconds. Most of the scenes that I watched doesnt play a lot of music, but I heard some background music playing because of the locations the characters were at, such as bars, restaurants, and house parties. However, I heard some instruments playin g when they switch to new scenes. Most of the instruments played at a soft dynamic, and the most common instrument I heard was an acoustic guitar. There are some instruments included, such as piano, violin, and harp. The show ends with credits, and it plays an extended intro song. With those instruments combined, I recognized a pattern for using music. Most of the instruments I heard on the show have been used as tools for storytelling. The show played the guitar and piano to show what the characters are doing right now. Also, they used the two instruments for miserable ahead in the next days or weeks. It could be fast or short depending on how much tempo is used. But the most important use of the instruments is setting the mood. The characters can conflict with each other, and the instruments played a major or minor chord depending on what emotions theyre feeling right now. It helps gain the viewers to get their attention to see what happens next, and it lets the viewers feel sy mpathy towards the characters emotion because of the tonality of the scene. There were some minor uses for the instruments. For example, the harp was played to show the characters flashback or imagination of the future because the harps tone is mystical for any strange occurrence to happen in the future. As for the violin, it helps build suspense for the scene. It plays a low pitch, and as the low pitch ends, it plays a high pitch, bringing a surprise to the viewers. In this show, the suspense can affect the characters, but its funny to watch when something minor looks serious to them doesnt look serious to the viewers. As for the commercial breaks, theres so many random music playing. Theres no specific pattern about music playing in the commercials. But I noticed about how they choose their music. Depending on the advertisement, they used music that matches the companies theme to persuade their audience to buy or support the product. For example, I remember seeing a commercial abo ut the charity group. Theyre persuading the audience to support the abused animals. They persuaded me with pictures of pets with sad eyes, and they used a piano music in a minor chord to get us emotionally attached to the pets. Overall, commercials used music to make us believed that the benefits they showed would work on us.

Hawthorne’s The Ministers Black Veil †Solitude of the Protagonist and the Author :: Ministers Black Veil Essays

The Ministers Black Veil Solitude of the Protagonist and the Author Isnt it more than coincidental that the protagonist in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Ministers Black Veil and the author himself are both given to solitude and isolation? Literary critics seem to come to a consensus on the subject of Hawthornes preference for solitude. Edmund Fuller and B. Jo Kinnick in Stories Derived from New England Living state that Hawthorne was essentially of a solitary nature, and group life was not for him. . . (30) Sculley Bradley, Richmond Croom Beatty and E. Hudson Long in The Social Criticism of a Public Man say that a new(a) man engrossed in historical study and in learning the writers craft is not notably queer if he does not seek society. . . . (47) Stanley T. Williams in Hawthornes Puritan Mind states Soon after Hawthornes birth in 1804, circumstances intensified his innate Puritan characteristics his psychoanalysis of the mind, his somber outlook on living, his tendency to withdra w from his fellows (40). According to A.N. Kaul in his Introduction to Hawthorne A Collection of Critical Essays, the themes of isolation and alienation were ones which Hawthorne was deeply absent-minded with in his writings (2). At the outset of the tale, The Ministers Black Veil, the sexton is tolling the church bell and simultaneously watching Mr. Hoopers door, when suddenly he says, But what has good Parson Hooper got upon his face? The surprise which the sexton displayed is repeated in the astonishment of the onlookers With one accord they started, expressing more wonder. . . The reason is this Swathed about his forehead, and wall hanging down over his face, so low as to be shaken by his breath is a black veil. The 30 year old, unmarried minister receives a variety of reactions from his congregation I cant really feel as if good Mr. Hoopers face was behind that piece of crape He has changed himself into something awful, only by screen his face Our parson has gone mad F ew could refrain from twisting their heads towards the door. . . . . . . more than one woman of delicate nerves was forced to leave the meeting-house. Hawthorne, after exposing the strike people to the sable veil, develops the protagonist through a description of some of his less exotic and curious characteristics